طبعة (٦,٧)

طبعة (٢,٣,٤,٥)..

انتهى mcq anticancer drugs

راح تساعدكم كثيرا ✅

راح انزل الكم امسكيوات وsummaries من مصدر katzung ممكن يجي من عدهن بالإمتحان التقويمي .

ملاحظة : الملفات الخاصة بالmcq + summaries

راح تنزل بقناة كناشة MCQ فاشتركوا بيها حتى تشوفون الملفات .

مهما تعدّدت الملخّصات، والخرائط، والجداول وكثرت الأسئلة.
حافظ على دراسة منهجك فقط وما عداه مهما يكن يمكن الاستغناء عنه.

أتفق مع الخطوة.
خلوا صورة موقظ الأمل ومذل اليأس.

مصدر الـMCQ الروسي

مجزئ حسب المواضيع الوزارية 🔥

ورقة امتحان ❌
حقل الغام ✅

-Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin.

-Insulin is the treatment for type 1
diabetes.

-Rapid-acting (insulin aspart, glulisine, or lispro) or short-acting insulins (regular insulin) are used for mealtime glycemic control or situations where quick reduction or correction of blood glucose is needed.

-Intermediate (NPH insulin) or long-acting insulins (insulin degludec, detemir, or glargine) are used for basal control of glucose. The need for adjustment of basal insulin is assessed with fasting glucose levels.

-Hypoglycemia, weight gain, and lipodystrophy are adverse effects of insulin therapy.

-Pramlintide is a synthetic amylin analog that may be used for additional mealtime glycemic control in type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

-Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion.

-The biguanide metformin is the preferred initial agent for type 2 diabetes. The primary mechanism of action of metformin is reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis.

-The drug should be avoided in severe renal impairment or acute heart failure due to the risk of lactic acidosis.

-Other agents for type 2 diabetes include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 receptor
agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors.

-Sulfonylureas (glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide) and meglitinides (nateglinide, repaglinide) lower glucose by enhancing secretion of insulin from ẞ cells in the pancreas. Hypoglycemia and weight gain are common adverse effects with these agents.

-The thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone, rosiglitazone) enhance insulin sensitivity، Adverse effects include fluid retention, weight gain, and an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures, These agents are contraindicated in patients with symptomatic heart failure.

-GLP-1 receptor agonists (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide) improve mealtime insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying time, reduce food intake by enhancing satiety, decrease postprandial glucagon
secretion, and promote B-cell proliferation. All are injectable agents. Semaglutide is also available in an oral formulation.

-The most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, constipation).

-DPP-4 inhibitors (alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin) prolong the action of incretin hormones like GLP-1, thereby increasing release of mealtime insulin and reducing inappropriate secretion of glucagon.

-SGLT2 inhibitors (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and ertugliflozin) reduce glucose by
increasing urinary excretion of glucose. Common adverse effects with SGLT2 inhibitors are genital
mycotic infections, urinary tract infections, and urinary frequency.

-Selected SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists may have added benefits in reducing mortality or progression of coexisting disorders, such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. SGLT2 inhibitors also have added benefit in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

دونكم ملخّص السكري.
هكذا يتم التعامل مع المادّة، القصص تكتب لأجل اسكات الأطفال.

-Bisphosphonates including (alendronate, risedronate, and zoledronic acid) are preferred agents for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

-Bisphosphonates bind to hydroxyapatite crystals in the bone and decrease osteoclastic bone resorption, resulting in an increase in bone mass and adecreased risk of fractures.

-The effects of bisphosphonates on bone are long-lasting Oral bisphosphonates for osteoporosis (alendronate, risedronate,
ibandronate) are associated with esophagitis and esophageal
ulcers,To minimize esophageal irritation, patients should remain
upright after taking oral bisphosphonates.

-Food and other medications significantly interfere with
absorption of oral bisphosphonates.

-Intravenous bisphosphonates for osteoporosis include zoledronic acid and ibandronate.

-Zoledronic acid is administered once per year as an intravenous infusion.

-Rare, but serious, adverse effects of the bisphosphonates
include ONJ(osteonecrosis of the jaw) and atypical femur fractures.

-These effects are more likely with a longer duration of therapy Therefore, adrug holiday should be considered for patients after 5 years of oral bisphosphonates or 3 years of zoledronic acid.

-Denosumab is a RANKL inhibitor that is an alternative first-line agent
for postmenopausal osteoporosis, particularly in patients at higher risk
of fractures. It is administered every 6 months as a subcutaneous injection.

-The parathyroid agents teriparatide and abaloparatide act as agonists
at the parathyroid hormone receptor to stimulate osteoblastic activity
and increase bone formation and strength, Due to the risk of osteosarcoma, use of these agents is limited to 2 years.

-Romosozumab is a sclerostin inhibitor, thereby promoting osteoblast activity and bone formation, It is administered as aonce-monthly subcutaneous injection for 12 months.

-In the treatment of osteoporosis, teriparatide, abaloparatide, and
romosozumab should be reserved for individuals at very high risk of
fractures.

-Summary chapter osteoporosis.

تذكير :

Contraceptive 🗺️