About this course
📌 A broad and robust understanding of computer science and programming
📌 How to think algorithmically and solve programming problems efficiently
Concepts like abstraction, algorithms, data structures, encapsulation, resource management, security, software engineering, and web development
📌 Familiarity in a number of languages, including C, Python, SQL, and JavaScript plus CSS and HTML
📌 How to engage with a vibrant community of like-minded learners from all levels of experience
📌 How to develop and present a final programming project to your peers
📌 A broad and robust understanding of computer science and programming
📌 How to think algorithmically and solve programming problems efficiently
Concepts like abstraction, algorithms, data structures, encapsulation, resource management, security, software engineering, and web development
📌 Familiarity in a number of languages, including C, Python, SQL, and JavaScript plus CSS and HTML
📌 How to engage with a vibrant community of like-minded learners from all levels of experience
📌 How to develop and present a final programming project to your peers
An overview of computer science
💎 Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form
the basis for the design and use of computers.
💎Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and
computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in
computer systems.
💎It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the
systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the
methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the
📌acquisition,
📌representation,
📌processing,
📌storage,
📌communication of,
📌and access to information.
@Computer_science_course
💎 Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form
the basis for the design and use of computers.
💎Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and
computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in
computer systems.
💎It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the
systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the
methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the
📌acquisition,
📌representation,
📌processing,
📌storage,
📌communication of,
📌and access to information.
@Computer_science_course
Its fields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines.
📌Computer graphics:
emphasize real-world visual applications
📌Programming language theory: considers various approaches to the description of
computation, while the study of computer programming itself investigates various
aspects of the use of programming language and complex systems.
📌Human–computer interaction: considers the challenges in making computers and
computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans.
@Computer_science_course
📌Computer graphics:
emphasize real-world visual applications
📌Programming language theory: considers various approaches to the description of
computation, while the study of computer programming itself investigates various
aspects of the use of programming language and complex systems.
📌Human–computer interaction: considers the challenges in making computers and
computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans.
@Computer_science_course
🧲 What is computer ?
➖➖➖
An electronic device for storing and processing data.
➖➖➖
➖➖➖
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically.
➖➖➖
➖➖➖
A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw data as input and processes it with a set of instructions (a program) to produce the result as output.
➖➖➖
@Computer_science_course
➖➖➖
An electronic device for storing and processing data.
➖➖➖
➖➖➖
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically.
➖➖➖
➖➖➖
A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw data as input and processes it with a set of instructions (a program) to produce the result as output.
➖➖➖
@Computer_science_course
Data are units of information, often numeric, that are collected through observation.
In a more technical sense,
data are a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables about one or more persons or objects, while a datum (singular of data) is a single value of a single variable.
📌Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed.
📌 It is a collection of symbols that represent a thing, a concept or an event.
📌 It is any collection of figures that are arranged in general accessed principle or
convention.
@Computer_science_course
In a more technical sense,
data are a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables about one or more persons or objects, while a datum (singular of data) is a single value of a single variable.
📌Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed.
📌 It is a collection of symbols that represent a thing, a concept or an event.
📌 It is any collection of figures that are arranged in general accessed principle or
convention.
@Computer_science_course
Data Processing
Data processing, manipulation of data by a computer.
💎 It includes the conversion of raw data to machine-readable form, flow of data through the CPU and memory to output devices,
💎and formatting or transformation of output.
💎Any use of computers to perform defined operations on data can be included under data processing.
📌 It is the process of rearrangement of collected data in to our desire.
📌 It is the process of collecting, arranging and representing of a given fact in accordance
with sets of rules.
@Computer_science_course
Data processing, manipulation of data by a computer.
💎 It includes the conversion of raw data to machine-readable form, flow of data through the CPU and memory to output devices,
💎and formatting or transformation of output.
💎Any use of computers to perform defined operations on data can be included under data processing.
📌 It is the process of rearrangement of collected data in to our desire.
📌 It is the process of collecting, arranging and representing of a given fact in accordance
with sets of rules.
@Computer_science_course
What is Information
💎When data is
📌processed,
📌organized,
📌structured
📌or presented in a given context so as to
make it useful, it is called information.
@Computer_science_course
💎When data is
📌processed,
📌organized,
📌structured
📌or presented in a given context so as to
make it useful, it is called information.
@Computer_science_course
Data Processing Cycle
📌is term used to explain the sequence of steps or process used to process the raw data and turn it into readable form and generate meaningful information.
📌When the input is Information the process
is called Information Processing instead
of data processing.
@Computer_science_course
📌is term used to explain the sequence of steps or process used to process the raw data and turn it into readable form and generate meaningful information.
📌When the input is Information the process
is called Information Processing instead
of data processing.
@Computer_science_course
There are four generations and
major characteristics that distinguish these generations are the following;
📌Dominant type of electronic circuit elements used.
📌Major secondary storage media used.
📌Computer language used.
📌Types or characteristic of operating system used.
📌Memory access time (a time to store or retrieve a word or data from memory).
Computer generations are usually categorized by dramatic improvement in the hardware,
typically tenfold or better increases in speed and reliability.
@Computer_science_course
major characteristics that distinguish these generations are the following;
📌Dominant type of electronic circuit elements used.
📌Major secondary storage media used.
📌Computer language used.
📌Types or characteristic of operating system used.
📌Memory access time (a time to store or retrieve a word or data from memory).
Computer generations are usually categorized by dramatic improvement in the hardware,
typically tenfold or better increases in speed and reliability.
@Computer_science_course
First generation (1950s)
💎This generation computer used vacuum tubes as components for the electronic circuit.
💎Punched cards were the main source of inputs, and magnetic grams were used for internal
storage.
💎They operate in a speed of milliseconds (thousands of a second) and could handle
more than 10,000 additions each second.
💎Most applications were scientific calculations.
@Computer_science_course
💎This generation computer used vacuum tubes as components for the electronic circuit.
💎Punched cards were the main source of inputs, and magnetic grams were used for internal
storage.
💎They operate in a speed of milliseconds (thousands of a second) and could handle
more than 10,000 additions each second.
💎Most applications were scientific calculations.
@Computer_science_course
Second generations (early 1960s)
💎Transistors were the main circuit components.
💎 Invented by Bell Labs, the transistor was
smaller, faster and more reliable than the vacuum tube.
💎 Magnetic cores, used for main
storage, could be concerned in microseconds (millionths of a second) with more than
200,000 additions possible each second.
💎Business applications become more common
place, with large data files stored on magnetic tape and disk.
📎Examples:
📌IBM 1620 –small scientific computers,
📌IBM 1401 –small to medium commercial
computers,
📌IBM 7094 –large scientific computer.
💎High level languages COBOL and FORTRAN were introduced during this period.
💎Batch operating systems are used that permitted rapid processing of magnetic tape files.
@Computer_science_course
💎Transistors were the main circuit components.
💎 Invented by Bell Labs, the transistor was
smaller, faster and more reliable than the vacuum tube.
💎 Magnetic cores, used for main
storage, could be concerned in microseconds (millionths of a second) with more than
200,000 additions possible each second.
💎Business applications become more common
place, with large data files stored on magnetic tape and disk.
📎Examples:
📌IBM 1620 –small scientific computers,
📌IBM 1401 –small to medium commercial
computers,
📌IBM 7094 –large scientific computer.
💎High level languages COBOL and FORTRAN were introduced during this period.
💎Batch operating systems are used that permitted rapid processing of magnetic tape files.
@Computer_science_course
Third generation (late 1960s, early 1970s)
💎It was characterized by solid-state logic and integrated circuit (IC).
💎Computer storage
switched from magnetic cores to integrated circuit boards that provide modularity
(expandable storage) and compatibility (interchangeable equipment).
💎Software become
more important with sophisticated operating systems, improved programming languages,
and new input/output methods such as optical scanning and plotters.
📎Example:
📌IBM system /360 was the dominant,
📌IBM 1130
@Computer_science_course
💎It was characterized by solid-state logic and integrated circuit (IC).
💎Computer storage
switched from magnetic cores to integrated circuit boards that provide modularity
(expandable storage) and compatibility (interchangeable equipment).
💎Software become
more important with sophisticated operating systems, improved programming languages,
and new input/output methods such as optical scanning and plotters.
📎Example:
📌IBM system /360 was the dominant,
📌IBM 1130
@Computer_science_course
Fourth generation (late 1970s, early 1980s)
💎It has greatly expanded storage capabilities and improved circuitry.
💎It has large scale
integrated circuits (LSI) which has several hundred thousand transistors placed on one tiny
silicon chip.
💎Computer memory operates at speeds of Nano-seconds (billionths of a second)
with large computers capable of adding 15 million numbers per second.
@Computer_science_course
💎It has greatly expanded storage capabilities and improved circuitry.
💎It has large scale
integrated circuits (LSI) which has several hundred thousand transistors placed on one tiny
silicon chip.
💎Computer memory operates at speeds of Nano-seconds (billionths of a second)
with large computers capable of adding 15 million numbers per second.
@Computer_science_course
The fifth generation computer
💎It is in progress. An architecture, which makes use of the changes in technology and allows a
simple and natural methodology for solving problems.
📎These computers will have:
📌 Intelligent processors, i.e., processors which can draw inferences.
📌Users will also be able to interact with them in natural languages such as English,
Arabic and etc.
@Computer_science_course
💎It is in progress. An architecture, which makes use of the changes in technology and allows a
simple and natural methodology for solving problems.
📎These computers will have:
📌 Intelligent processors, i.e., processors which can draw inferences.
📌Users will also be able to interact with them in natural languages such as English,
Arabic and etc.
@Computer_science_course
Types of Computers
💎There are different types of computers.
💎Their differences depend on different categories of
characteristics.
@Computer_science_course
💎There are different types of computers.
💎Their differences depend on different categories of
characteristics.
@Computer_science_course
1⃣ Classification by the method of operation (processing)
Computers are classified by the type of data they are designed to process.
📌They are classified into three:
@Computer_science_course
Computers are classified by the type of data they are designed to process.
📌They are classified into three:
@Computer_science_course
▶️1. Analog Computers
Analog computers operate by measuring.
💎They deal with continues variables, they don’t
compete directly with numbers, rather, they operate by measuring physical magnitude such as
📌pressure,
📌temperature,
📌voltage,
📌current etc.
🗝They are special purpose computers.
📎Examples:
📌Thermometer,
📌Voltmeter,
📌Speedometer,
📌 Gasoline pomp, etc.
@Computer_science_course
Analog computers operate by measuring.
💎They deal with continues variables, they don’t
compete directly with numbers, rather, they operate by measuring physical magnitude such as
📌pressure,
📌temperature,
📌voltage,
📌current etc.
🗝They are special purpose computers.
📎Examples:
📌Thermometer,
📌Voltmeter,
📌Speedometer,
📌 Gasoline pomp, etc.
@Computer_science_course
▶️2. Digital Computers
💎Digital computers deal with discrete variables;
💎They operate by counting rather than measuring.
💎 They operate directly up on numbers (or digits) that represent
📌numbers,
📌letters,
📌or other special symbols.
Digital computers have very high accuracy and speed than the analog ones.
Examples:
📌Abacus,
📌Desk & pocket computers 📌and most general purpose computers
@Computer_science_course
💎Digital computers deal with discrete variables;
💎They operate by counting rather than measuring.
💎 They operate directly up on numbers (or digits) that represent
📌numbers,
📌letters,
📌or other special symbols.
Digital computers have very high accuracy and speed than the analog ones.
Examples:
📌Abacus,
📌Desk & pocket computers 📌and most general purpose computers
@Computer_science_course