قطعة الحرب الباردة

(1) Starting with major scientific breakthroughs during the 1930's,
countries have developed weapons that are based on nuclear energy. The
use of nuclear weapons reached its height with the outbreak of World War
II and the Cold War. Two of the world's major superpowers, the USA and
Soviet Union, threatened each other with the use of nuclear weapons,
which was referred to as the Cold War.


(2) Although relations between the Soviet Union and the United States had
been strained in the years before World War II, the U.S.-Soviet alliance of
1941-1945 was marked by a great degree of cooperation and was essential
to securing the defeat of Nazi Germany. As late as 1939, it seemed highly
improbable that the United States and the Soviet Union would forge an
alliance. U.S.-Soviet relations had soured significantly following Stalin’s
decision to sign a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany in August of
1939. In spite of intense pressure to sever relations with the Soviet Union,
Roosevelt never lost sight of the fact that Nazi Germany, not the Soviet
Union, posed the greatest threat to world peace. In order to defeat that
threat, Roosevelt confided that he “would hold hands with the devil” if
necessary. Finally, two devastating atomic bomb attacks against Japan by
the United States, coupled with the Soviets’ decision to break their
neutrality pact with Japan by invading Manc1huria, finally led to the end of
the war in the Pacific. Soon after the war, the alliance between the United
States and the Soviet Union began to unravel as the two nations faced
complex post- war decisions


(3) At various conferences, the most important of which were at Yalta and
Potsdam, the three powers split Germany and its capital Berlin in two, with
the eastern portion controlled by the Soviet Union and the western portion
controlled jointly by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.
Additionally, the Soviet Union was given influence over the governments of
several Eastern European states, where they promptly set up loyal,
communist puppet regimes.


(4) The United States and the West feared the creation of this Eastern Bloc,
as Western journalists and government termed it, and the further spread of communism and/or totalitarian states in the rest of the world. U.S. foreign
policy became one of containment - essentially, stopping the spread of
communism wherever it could. This was in direct opposition to the Soviet
Union's policy of fostering the spread of communism, especially in its Asian
neighbors. The Americans then feared that the USSR/ Communist influence
that already spread over Eastern Europe, would influence the democracies
of western Europe.

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