قطعة الورق

1) The paper we use today is made by machine. Trees are cut up
and processed into a mixture called wood pulp. The pulp,
containing tiny cellulose fibers, is pressed and rolled out to form
sheets of paper.


2) The first manmade writing material was not paper. About 4,000
years ago, the ancient Egyptians took the fibrous stems of the
papyrus plant, flattened them, laid them crosswise and pressed
them down to stick them together. When dried, this made a piece of
papyrus that could be written on.


3) Paper was first made in China around the year 105 CE by a man
called Ts'ailun. He found a way to make paper from the stringy
inner bark of the mulberry tree. The bark was pounded in water to
separate the fibers. This mixture was then poured into a bamboo
tray to let the water drain out. After that, the soft mat of paper was
moved onto a smooth, flat surface to dry. Later, someone
discovered that the paper could be improved by brushing it with
starch to make it stronger.


4) Chinese traders travelled around Asia as far as Samarkand.
There, they met with Arab merchants who learned the secret of
making paper and took it to Spain. Afterwards, the art of
papermaking spread throughout the rest of Europe.


5) Since then, many kinds of machines have been invented and
improved methods discovered for making paper. One of the most
important, for example, was a machine developed in France in
1798. This machine could make a continuous sheet or web of paper.
Before, paper could only be produced in separate sheets.

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