https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Legal_Aid_Bureau
The Harvard Legal Aid Bureau (HLAB) is the oldest student-run legal services office in the United States, founded in 1913.[1] The bureau is one of three honors societies at the law school, along with the Harvard Law Review and the Board of Student Advisers.
Notable members include Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, activist and First Lady Michelle Obama, Attorney General Loretta Lynch,[2] Berkshire Hathaway's Charlie Munger and law professors Erwin Chemerinsky and Laurence Tribe.[3]
Prominent alumni of the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau include:
Hon. William J. Brennan, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
Michelle Obama, First Lady of the United States
Loretta Lynch, United States Attorney General
Erwin Chemerinsky, constitutional law scholar and founding Dean of the University of California, Irvine School of Law
Hon. Ojetta Rogeriee Thompson, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Hon. Frank M. Coffin, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Hon. Matthew Kennelly, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois
Hon. William Schwarzer, senior United States District Judge for the Northern District of California
Hon. Jed Rakoff, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York
Hon. Emily C. Hewitt, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims
Hon. Fernande R.V. Duffly, Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts
Hon. Daniel Joseph O'Hern, Justice on the New Jersey Supreme Court
Stephen W. Preston, General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency and former General Counsel of the Navy
Will A. Gunn, General Counsel, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Charles Munger, Vice-Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway and business partner of Warren Buffett
Alan Khazei, CEO of Be the Change, U.S. Senate candidate
Raj Goyle, State Congressman representing the 87th district of Kansas.
Joseph P. Kennedy III, U.S. Representative for Massachusetts 4th Congressional District.
Joseph Anthony Califano, Jr, 12th United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
David L. Kirp, Professor of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley
Jeffrey Steingarten, author and food editor of Vogue Magazine
Prof. Peter Murray, Harvard Law School Professor
Ruthzee Louijeune, Boston City Council President
The Harvard Legal Aid Bureau (HLAB) is the oldest student-run legal services office in the United States, founded in 1913.[1] The bureau is one of three honors societies at the law school, along with the Harvard Law Review and the Board of Student Advisers.
Notable members include Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, activist and First Lady Michelle Obama, Attorney General Loretta Lynch,[2] Berkshire Hathaway's Charlie Munger and law professors Erwin Chemerinsky and Laurence Tribe.[3]
Prominent alumni of the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau include:
Hon. William J. Brennan, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
Michelle Obama, First Lady of the United States
Loretta Lynch, United States Attorney General
Erwin Chemerinsky, constitutional law scholar and founding Dean of the University of California, Irvine School of Law
Hon. Ojetta Rogeriee Thompson, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Hon. Frank M. Coffin, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Hon. Matthew Kennelly, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois
Hon. William Schwarzer, senior United States District Judge for the Northern District of California
Hon. Jed Rakoff, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York
Hon. Emily C. Hewitt, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims
Hon. Fernande R.V. Duffly, Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts
Hon. Daniel Joseph O'Hern, Justice on the New Jersey Supreme Court
Stephen W. Preston, General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency and former General Counsel of the Navy
Will A. Gunn, General Counsel, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Charles Munger, Vice-Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway and business partner of Warren Buffett
Alan Khazei, CEO of Be the Change, U.S. Senate candidate
Raj Goyle, State Congressman representing the 87th district of Kansas.
Joseph P. Kennedy III, U.S. Representative for Massachusetts 4th Congressional District.
Joseph Anthony Califano, Jr, 12th United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
David L. Kirp, Professor of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley
Jeffrey Steingarten, author and food editor of Vogue Magazine
Prof. Peter Murray, Harvard Law School Professor
Ruthzee Louijeune, Boston City Council President
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno
Adreno is a series of graphics processing unit(GPU) semiconductor intellectual property coresdeveloped by Qualcomm and used in many of their SoCs.
Adreno is an integrated graphics processing unit (GPU) within Qualcomm's Snapdragon applications processors, that was jointly developed by ATI Technologies in conjunction with Qualcomm's preexisting "QShader" GPU architecture, and coalesced into a single family of GPUs that rebranded as Adreno in 2008, just prior to AMD's mobile division being sold to Qualcomm in January 2009 for $65M.[1][2] Early Adreno models included the Adreno 100 and 110, which had 2D graphics acceleration and limited multimedia capabilities. Prior to 2008, 3D graphics on mobile platforms were commonly handled using software-based rendering engines, which limited their performance and consumed too much power to be used for anything other than rudimentary mobile graphics applications. With growing demand for more advanced multimedia and 3D graphics capabilities, Qualcomm licensed the Imageon IP from AMD, in order to add hardware-accelerated 3D capabilities to their mobile products.[3] Further collaboration with AMD resulted in the development of the Adreno 200, originally named the AMD Z430, based on a mobile Imageon variant of the R400[4] architecture used in the Xenos GPU of the Xbox 360 video game console[5] and released in 2008, which was integrated into the first Snapdragon SoC. In January 2009, AMD sold their entire Imageon handheld device graphics division to Qualcomm.
Adreno is a series of graphics processing unit(GPU) semiconductor intellectual property coresdeveloped by Qualcomm and used in many of their SoCs.
Adreno is an integrated graphics processing unit (GPU) within Qualcomm's Snapdragon applications processors, that was jointly developed by ATI Technologies in conjunction with Qualcomm's preexisting "QShader" GPU architecture, and coalesced into a single family of GPUs that rebranded as Adreno in 2008, just prior to AMD's mobile division being sold to Qualcomm in January 2009 for $65M.[1][2] Early Adreno models included the Adreno 100 and 110, which had 2D graphics acceleration and limited multimedia capabilities. Prior to 2008, 3D graphics on mobile platforms were commonly handled using software-based rendering engines, which limited their performance and consumed too much power to be used for anything other than rudimentary mobile graphics applications. With growing demand for more advanced multimedia and 3D graphics capabilities, Qualcomm licensed the Imageon IP from AMD, in order to add hardware-accelerated 3D capabilities to their mobile products.[3] Further collaboration with AMD resulted in the development of the Adreno 200, originally named the AMD Z430, based on a mobile Imageon variant of the R400[4] architecture used in the Xenos GPU of the Xbox 360 video game console[5] and released in 2008, which was integrated into the first Snapdragon SoC. In January 2009, AMD sold their entire Imageon handheld device graphics division to Qualcomm.
Wikipedia
Adreno
series of graphics processing units
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm
Qualcomm Incorporated (/ˈkwɒlkɒm/)[2] is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Diego, California, and incorporated in Delaware.[3] It creates semiconductors, software and services related to wireless technology. It owns patents critical to the 5G, 4G,[4] CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA mobile communications standards.
Qualcomm was established in 1985 by Irwin Jacobsand six other co-founders. Its early research into CDMA wireless cell phone technology was funded by selling a two-way mobile digital satellite communications system known as Omnitracs. After a heated debate in the wireless industry, CDMA was adopted as a 2G standard in North America, with Qualcomm's patents incorporated.[5] Afterwards, there was a series of legal disputes about pricing for licensing patents required by the standard.[6]
Over the years, Qualcomm has expanded into selling semiconductor products in a predominantly fabless manufacturing model. It also developed semiconductor components or software for vehicles, watches, laptops, wi-fi, smartphones, and other devices.
Qualcomm was created in July 1985[7][5] by seven former Linkabit employees led by Irwin Jacobs.[8]Other co-founders included Andrew Viterbi, Franklin Antonio, Adelia Coffman, Andrew Cohen, Klein Gilhousen, and Harvey White.[9] The company was named Qualcomm for "Quality Communications".[10]It started as a contract research and development center[11] largely for government and defense projects.
Qualcomm merged with Omninet in 1988 and raised $3.5 million in funding to produce the Omnitracs satellite communications system for trucking companies.[8] Qualcomm grew from eight employees in 1986 to 620 employees in 1991, due to demand for Omnitracs.[13] By 1989, Qualcomm had $32 million in revenue, 50 percent of which was from an Omnitracs contract with Schneider National.[8][14] Omnitracs profits helped fund Qualcomm's research and development into code-division multiple access (CDMA) technologies for cell phone networks.
1990–2015
edit
Qualcomm was operating at a loss in the 1990s due to its investment in CDMA research.[11][15] To obtain funding, the company filed an initial public offeringin September 1991,[16] raising $68 million.[8] An additional $486 million was raised in 1995 through the sale of 11.5 million more shares. The second funding round was done to raise money for the mass manufacturing of CDMA-based phones, base-stations, and equipment, after most US-based cellular networks announced they would adopt the CDMA standard.[11] The company had $383 millionin annual revenue in 1995[17] and $814 million by 1996.[18]
In 1998, Qualcomm was restructured, leading to a 700-employee layoff. Its base station and cell-phone manufacturing businesses were spun-off in order to focus on its higher-margin patents and chipset businesses.[8][11]: 310–311 Since the base station division was losing $400M a year (having never sold another base station after making its 10th sale), profits skyrocketed in the following year, and Qualcomm was the fastest growing stock on the market with a 2,621 percent growth over one year.[19][20][21] By 2000, Qualcomm had grown to 6,300 employees, $3.2 billion in revenues, and $670 millionin profit. 39 percent of its sales were from CDMA technology, followed by licensing (22%), wireless (22%), and other products (17%).[11] Around this time, Qualcomm established offices in Europe, Asia Pacific, and in the Americas.[11]: 316 By 2001, 65 percent of Qualcomm's revenues originated from outside the United States with 35 percent coming from South Korea.[11]: 19
In 2005, Paul E. Jacobs, son of Qualcomm founder Irwin Jacobs, was appointed as Qualcomm's new CEO.[22] Whereas Irwin Jacobs focused on CDMA patents, Paul Jacobs refocused much of Qualcomm's new research and development on projects related to the Internet of things.[22] In the same year they acquired Flarion Technologies, a developer of wireless broadband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access (OFDMA) technology.
Qualcomm Incorporated (/ˈkwɒlkɒm/)[2] is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Diego, California, and incorporated in Delaware.[3] It creates semiconductors, software and services related to wireless technology. It owns patents critical to the 5G, 4G,[4] CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA mobile communications standards.
Qualcomm was established in 1985 by Irwin Jacobsand six other co-founders. Its early research into CDMA wireless cell phone technology was funded by selling a two-way mobile digital satellite communications system known as Omnitracs. After a heated debate in the wireless industry, CDMA was adopted as a 2G standard in North America, with Qualcomm's patents incorporated.[5] Afterwards, there was a series of legal disputes about pricing for licensing patents required by the standard.[6]
Over the years, Qualcomm has expanded into selling semiconductor products in a predominantly fabless manufacturing model. It also developed semiconductor components or software for vehicles, watches, laptops, wi-fi, smartphones, and other devices.
Qualcomm was created in July 1985[7][5] by seven former Linkabit employees led by Irwin Jacobs.[8]Other co-founders included Andrew Viterbi, Franklin Antonio, Adelia Coffman, Andrew Cohen, Klein Gilhousen, and Harvey White.[9] The company was named Qualcomm for "Quality Communications".[10]It started as a contract research and development center[11] largely for government and defense projects.
Qualcomm merged with Omninet in 1988 and raised $3.5 million in funding to produce the Omnitracs satellite communications system for trucking companies.[8] Qualcomm grew from eight employees in 1986 to 620 employees in 1991, due to demand for Omnitracs.[13] By 1989, Qualcomm had $32 million in revenue, 50 percent of which was from an Omnitracs contract with Schneider National.[8][14] Omnitracs profits helped fund Qualcomm's research and development into code-division multiple access (CDMA) technologies for cell phone networks.
1990–2015
edit
Qualcomm was operating at a loss in the 1990s due to its investment in CDMA research.[11][15] To obtain funding, the company filed an initial public offeringin September 1991,[16] raising $68 million.[8] An additional $486 million was raised in 1995 through the sale of 11.5 million more shares. The second funding round was done to raise money for the mass manufacturing of CDMA-based phones, base-stations, and equipment, after most US-based cellular networks announced they would adopt the CDMA standard.[11] The company had $383 millionin annual revenue in 1995[17] and $814 million by 1996.[18]
In 1998, Qualcomm was restructured, leading to a 700-employee layoff. Its base station and cell-phone manufacturing businesses were spun-off in order to focus on its higher-margin patents and chipset businesses.[8][11]: 310–311 Since the base station division was losing $400M a year (having never sold another base station after making its 10th sale), profits skyrocketed in the following year, and Qualcomm was the fastest growing stock on the market with a 2,621 percent growth over one year.[19][20][21] By 2000, Qualcomm had grown to 6,300 employees, $3.2 billion in revenues, and $670 millionin profit. 39 percent of its sales were from CDMA technology, followed by licensing (22%), wireless (22%), and other products (17%).[11] Around this time, Qualcomm established offices in Europe, Asia Pacific, and in the Americas.[11]: 316 By 2001, 65 percent of Qualcomm's revenues originated from outside the United States with 35 percent coming from South Korea.[11]: 19
In 2005, Paul E. Jacobs, son of Qualcomm founder Irwin Jacobs, was appointed as Qualcomm's new CEO.[22] Whereas Irwin Jacobs focused on CDMA patents, Paul Jacobs refocused much of Qualcomm's new research and development on projects related to the Internet of things.[22] In the same year they acquired Flarion Technologies, a developer of wireless broadband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access (OFDMA) technology.
Wikipedia
Qualcomm
American global semiconductor company
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Qualcomm announced Steven Mollenkopf would succeed Paul Jacobs as CEO in December 2013. Mollenkopf said he would expand Qualcomm's focus to wireless technology for cars, wearable devices, and other new markets.
2015–present: NXP, Broadcom and NUVIA
edit
Qualcomm announced its intent to acquire NXP Semiconductors for $47 billion in October 2016.[28]The deal was approved by U.S. antitrust regulators in April 2017[29] with some standard-essential patents excluded to get the deal approved.[30][31]
As the NXP acquisition was ongoing, Broadcommade a $103 billion offer to acquire Qualcomm,[32][33] and Qualcomm rejected the offer.[34] Broadcom attempted a hostile takeover,[35] and raised its offer, eventually to $121 billion.[36] The potential Broadcom acquisition was investigated by the U.S. Committee on Foreign Investment[37] and blocked by an executive order from U.S. President Donald Trump, citing national security concerns.[38]
Qualcomm's NXP acquisition then became a part of the 2018 China–United States trade war.[39] U.S. President Donald Trump blocked China-based ZTE Corporation from buying American-made components, such as those from Qualcomm.[39][40]The ZTE restriction was lifted after the two countries reached an agreement,[41] but then Trump raised tariffs against Chinese goods.[39] Qualcomm extended a tender offer to NXP at least 29 times pending Chinese approval,[42] before abandoning the deal in July 2018.[43][44]
On January 6, 2021, Qualcomm appointed its president and chip division head Cristiano Amon as its new chief executive.[45]
On January 13, 2021, Qualcomm announced it would acquire NUVIA, a server CPU startup founded in early 2019 by ex-Apple and ex-Google architects, for approximately $1.4 billion.[46][47] The acquisition was completed in March 2021, and it was announced that its first products would be laptop CPUs, shipping in the second half of 2022.[48]
In March 2022, Qualcomm acquired the advanced driver-assistance systems and autonomous drivingsoftware brand Arriver from the investment company SSW Partners.[49]
In June 2022, Qualcomm acquired Israeli startup Cellwize through its investment arm Qualcomm Ventures.[50]
In August 2022, Bloomberg News reported that Qualcomm was planning to return to server CPU market based on NUVIA's product.[51] Later that month, Arm Ltd. announced that it sued Qualcomm and NUVIA for breaching license agreements and trademark violations.[52] Arm cited that the chip designs using Arm licenses developed by NUVIA could not be transferred to its parent Qualcomm without permission.[53] Qualcomm indicated that its licenses with Arm cover custom-designed processors.[53]
In January 2023, the company announced a new partnership with Salesforce to develop a connected vehicle platform for automakers using the Snapdragon digital chassis.[54]
In May 2023, Qualcomm announced their intent to purchase Israeli fabless chipmaking company Autotalks for a reported $350–400 million. The purchase is subject to review by the Competition and Markets Authority.[55][56] In March 2024, it was announced by the Federal Trade Commission that Qualcomm's proposed acquisition of Autotalks has been terminated.[57]
In September 2023, the company announced that it had signed a contract rumored to be worth $75 million per year for its Snapdragon brand to be the primary shirt sponsor for English football club Manchester United starting with the 2024–25 season, replacing German company TeamViewer.[58][59]
In October 2023, Qualcomm introduced the Snapdragon X series, a computing platform for Windows PCs which includes a custom ARM-based Oryon CPU (from NUVIA acquisition), a GPU, and a dedicated neural processing unit.[60][61]
In October 2024, Arm Ltd. said it would cancel Qualcomm's chip design licence in an escalation of the dispute over the acquisition of NUVIA.
2015–present: NXP, Broadcom and NUVIA
edit
Qualcomm announced its intent to acquire NXP Semiconductors for $47 billion in October 2016.[28]The deal was approved by U.S. antitrust regulators in April 2017[29] with some standard-essential patents excluded to get the deal approved.[30][31]
As the NXP acquisition was ongoing, Broadcommade a $103 billion offer to acquire Qualcomm,[32][33] and Qualcomm rejected the offer.[34] Broadcom attempted a hostile takeover,[35] and raised its offer, eventually to $121 billion.[36] The potential Broadcom acquisition was investigated by the U.S. Committee on Foreign Investment[37] and blocked by an executive order from U.S. President Donald Trump, citing national security concerns.[38]
Qualcomm's NXP acquisition then became a part of the 2018 China–United States trade war.[39] U.S. President Donald Trump blocked China-based ZTE Corporation from buying American-made components, such as those from Qualcomm.[39][40]The ZTE restriction was lifted after the two countries reached an agreement,[41] but then Trump raised tariffs against Chinese goods.[39] Qualcomm extended a tender offer to NXP at least 29 times pending Chinese approval,[42] before abandoning the deal in July 2018.[43][44]
On January 6, 2021, Qualcomm appointed its president and chip division head Cristiano Amon as its new chief executive.[45]
On January 13, 2021, Qualcomm announced it would acquire NUVIA, a server CPU startup founded in early 2019 by ex-Apple and ex-Google architects, for approximately $1.4 billion.[46][47] The acquisition was completed in March 2021, and it was announced that its first products would be laptop CPUs, shipping in the second half of 2022.[48]
In March 2022, Qualcomm acquired the advanced driver-assistance systems and autonomous drivingsoftware brand Arriver from the investment company SSW Partners.[49]
In June 2022, Qualcomm acquired Israeli startup Cellwize through its investment arm Qualcomm Ventures.[50]
In August 2022, Bloomberg News reported that Qualcomm was planning to return to server CPU market based on NUVIA's product.[51] Later that month, Arm Ltd. announced that it sued Qualcomm and NUVIA for breaching license agreements and trademark violations.[52] Arm cited that the chip designs using Arm licenses developed by NUVIA could not be transferred to its parent Qualcomm without permission.[53] Qualcomm indicated that its licenses with Arm cover custom-designed processors.[53]
In January 2023, the company announced a new partnership with Salesforce to develop a connected vehicle platform for automakers using the Snapdragon digital chassis.[54]
In May 2023, Qualcomm announced their intent to purchase Israeli fabless chipmaking company Autotalks for a reported $350–400 million. The purchase is subject to review by the Competition and Markets Authority.[55][56] In March 2024, it was announced by the Federal Trade Commission that Qualcomm's proposed acquisition of Autotalks has been terminated.[57]
In September 2023, the company announced that it had signed a contract rumored to be worth $75 million per year for its Snapdragon brand to be the primary shirt sponsor for English football club Manchester United starting with the 2024–25 season, replacing German company TeamViewer.[58][59]
In October 2023, Qualcomm introduced the Snapdragon X series, a computing platform for Windows PCs which includes a custom ARM-based Oryon CPU (from NUVIA acquisition), a GPU, and a dedicated neural processing unit.[60][61]
In October 2024, Arm Ltd. said it would cancel Qualcomm's chip design licence in an escalation of the dispute over the acquisition of NUVIA.
Wikipedia
Qualcomm
American global semiconductor company
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabless_manufacturing
Fabless manufacturing is the design and sale of hardware devices and semiconductor chips while outsourcing their fabrication (or fab) to a specialized manufacturer called a semiconductor foundry. These foundries are typically, but not exclusively, located in the United States, mainland China, and Taiwan. Fabless companies can benefit from lower capital costs while concentrating their research and development resources on the end market. Some fabless companies and pure playfoundries (like TSMC) may offer integrated-circuitdesign services to third parties.
Fabless manufacturing is the design and sale of hardware devices and semiconductor chips while outsourcing their fabrication (or fab) to a specialized manufacturer called a semiconductor foundry. These foundries are typically, but not exclusively, located in the United States, mainland China, and Taiwan. Fabless companies can benefit from lower capital costs while concentrating their research and development resources on the end market. Some fabless companies and pure playfoundries (like TSMC) may offer integrated-circuitdesign services to third parties.
Wikipedia
Fabless manufacturing
semiconductor company which designs and sells chips whose physical manufacturing is outsourced to a foundry
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_M._Jacobs
Irwin Mark Jacobs (born October 18, 1933) is an American electrical engineer and businessman. He is a co-founder and former chairman of Qualcomm, and chair of the board of trustees of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. As of 2019, Jacobs has an estimated net worth of $1.2 billion.
Jacobs was born to a Jewish family in New Bedford, Massachusetts.[1][2][3] He earned his Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Cornell University in 1956, and his Master of Science and Doctor of Science degrees in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1957 and 1959, respectively. His doctoral advisor was Edward Arthurs. He is a member of Sigma Alpha Mufraternity.[4]
Awards
Marconi Prize
IEEE Medal of Honor
IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Medal
National Medal of Technology and Innovation
Benjamin Franklin Medal
IET Mountbatten Medal
Irwin Mark Jacobs (born October 18, 1933) is an American electrical engineer and businessman. He is a co-founder and former chairman of Qualcomm, and chair of the board of trustees of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. As of 2019, Jacobs has an estimated net worth of $1.2 billion.
Jacobs was born to a Jewish family in New Bedford, Massachusetts.[1][2][3] He earned his Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Cornell University in 1956, and his Master of Science and Doctor of Science degrees in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1957 and 1959, respectively. His doctoral advisor was Edward Arthurs. He is a member of Sigma Alpha Mufraternity.[4]
Awards
Marconi Prize
IEEE Medal of Honor
IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Medal
National Medal of Technology and Innovation
Benjamin Franklin Medal
IET Mountbatten Medal
Wikipedia
Irwin M. Jacobs
American electrical engineer and philanthropist
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salk_Institute_for_Biological_Studies
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is a scientific research institute in the La Jollacommunity of San Diego, California.[1] The independent, non-profit institute was founded in 1960 by Jonas Salk, the developer of the polio vaccine; among the founding consultants were Jacob Bronowski and Francis Crick. Construction of the research facilities began in spring of 1962. The Salk Institute consistently ranks among the top institutions in the US in terms of research output and quality in the life sciences.[2]
As of October 2020, the Salk Institute employs 850 researchers in 60 research groups and focuses its research in three areas: molecular biology and genetics; neurosciences; and plant biology. Research topics include aging, cancer, diabetes, birth defects, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS, and the neurobiology of American Sign Language.[3]
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is a scientific research institute in the La Jollacommunity of San Diego, California.[1] The independent, non-profit institute was founded in 1960 by Jonas Salk, the developer of the polio vaccine; among the founding consultants were Jacob Bronowski and Francis Crick. Construction of the research facilities began in spring of 1962. The Salk Institute consistently ranks among the top institutions in the US in terms of research output and quality in the life sciences.[2]
As of October 2020, the Salk Institute employs 850 researchers in 60 research groups and focuses its research in three areas: molecular biology and genetics; neurosciences; and plant biology. Research topics include aging, cancer, diabetes, birth defects, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS, and the neurobiology of American Sign Language.[3]
Wikipedia
Salk Institute for Biological Studies
life sciences research institute
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick
Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS[3][4] (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. He, James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins played crucial roles in deciphering the helical structure of the DNA molecule.
Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS[3][4] (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. He, James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins played crucial roles in deciphering the helical structure of the DNA molecule.
Alma mater
University College London
University of London (BSc)
University of Cambridge(PhD)
Awards
Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research(1960)
Gairdner Foundation International Award (1962)
Nobel Prize (1962)
Mendel Medal (1966)
Royal Medal (1972)
Copley Medal (1975)
Sir Hans Krebs Medal(1977)
Albert Medal (1987)
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement[1] (1987)
Order of Merit (1991)
Institutions
University of Cambridge
University College London
Cavendish Laboratory
Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Crick and Watson's paper in Nature in 1953 laid the groundwork for understanding DNA structure and functions.[5] Together with Maurice Wilkins, they were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acidsand its significance for information transfer in living material".[2][6]
Crick was an important theoretical molecular biologist and played a crucial role in research related to revealing the helical structure of DNA. He is widely known for the use of the term "central dogma" to summarise the idea that once information is transferred from nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) to proteins, it cannot flow back to nucleic acids. In other words, the final step in the flow of information from nucleic acids to proteins is irreversible.[7]
During the remainder of his career, he held the post of J.W. Kieckhefer Distinguished Research Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. His later research centred on theoretical neurobiology and attempts to advance the scientific study of human consciousness. He remained in this post until his death; "he was editing a manuscript on his death bed, a scientist until the bitter end" according to Christof Koch.[8]
Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS[3][4] (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. He, James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins played crucial roles in deciphering the helical structure of the DNA molecule.
Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS[3][4] (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. He, James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins played crucial roles in deciphering the helical structure of the DNA molecule.
Alma mater
University College London
University of London (BSc)
University of Cambridge(PhD)
Awards
Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research(1960)
Gairdner Foundation International Award (1962)
Nobel Prize (1962)
Mendel Medal (1966)
Royal Medal (1972)
Copley Medal (1975)
Sir Hans Krebs Medal(1977)
Albert Medal (1987)
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement[1] (1987)
Order of Merit (1991)
Institutions
University of Cambridge
University College London
Cavendish Laboratory
Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Crick and Watson's paper in Nature in 1953 laid the groundwork for understanding DNA structure and functions.[5] Together with Maurice Wilkins, they were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acidsand its significance for information transfer in living material".[2][6]
Crick was an important theoretical molecular biologist and played a crucial role in research related to revealing the helical structure of DNA. He is widely known for the use of the term "central dogma" to summarise the idea that once information is transferred from nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) to proteins, it cannot flow back to nucleic acids. In other words, the final step in the flow of information from nucleic acids to proteins is irreversible.[7]
During the remainder of his career, he held the post of J.W. Kieckhefer Distinguished Research Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. His later research centred on theoretical neurobiology and attempts to advance the scientific study of human consciousness. He remained in this post until his death; "he was editing a manuscript on his death bed, a scientist until the bitter end" according to Christof Koch.[8]
Wikipedia
Francis Crick
British molecular biologist, biophysicist, neuroscientist; co-discoverer of the structure of DNA
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkNYC
LinkNYC is an infrastructure project providing free Wi-Fi service in New York City. The office of New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced the plan on November 17, 2014, and the installation of the first kiosks, or "Links," started in late 2015. The Links replace the city's network of 9,000 to 13,000 payphones, a contract for which expired in October 2014. The LinkNYC kiosks were devised after the government of New York City held several competitions to replace the payphone system. The most recent competition, in 2014, resulted in the contract being awarded to the CityBridge consortium, which comprises Qualcomm; Titan and Control Group, which now make up Intersection; and Comark.
All of the 9.5-foot-tall (2.9 m) Links feature two 55-inch (140 cm) high-definition displays on their sides; Android tablet computers for accessing city maps, directions, and services, and making video calls; two free USB charging stations for smartphones; and a phone allowing free calls to all 50 states and Washington, D.C. The Links also provide the ability to use calling cards to make international calls, and each Link has one button to call 9-1-1 directly. Since 2022, CityBridge has also installed 32-foot-tall (9.8 m) poles under the Link5G brand, which provide both Wi-Fi and 5G service.
The project brings free, encrypted, gigabit wireless internet coverage to the five boroughs by converting old payphones into Wi-Fi hotspots where free phone calls could also be made. As of 2020, there are 1,869 Links citywide; eventually, 7,500 Links are planned to be installed in the New York metropolitan area, making the system the world's fastest and most expansive. Intersection has also installed InLinks in cities across the UK. The Links are seen as a model for future city builds as part of smart city data pools and infrastructure.
Since the Links' deployment, there have been several concerns about the kiosks' features. Privacy advocates have stated that the data of LinkNYC users can be collected and used to track users' movements throughout the city. There are also concerns with cybercriminals possibly hijacking the Links, or renaming their personal wireless networksto the same name as LinkNYC's network, in order to steal LinkNYC users' data. In addition, prior to September 2016, the tablets of the Links could be used to browse the Internet. In summer 2016, concerns arose about the Link tablets' browsersbeing used for illicit purposes; despite the implementation of content filters on the kiosks, the illicit activities continued, and the browsers were disabled.
LinkNYC is an infrastructure project providing free Wi-Fi service in New York City. The office of New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced the plan on November 17, 2014, and the installation of the first kiosks, or "Links," started in late 2015. The Links replace the city's network of 9,000 to 13,000 payphones, a contract for which expired in October 2014. The LinkNYC kiosks were devised after the government of New York City held several competitions to replace the payphone system. The most recent competition, in 2014, resulted in the contract being awarded to the CityBridge consortium, which comprises Qualcomm; Titan and Control Group, which now make up Intersection; and Comark.
All of the 9.5-foot-tall (2.9 m) Links feature two 55-inch (140 cm) high-definition displays on their sides; Android tablet computers for accessing city maps, directions, and services, and making video calls; two free USB charging stations for smartphones; and a phone allowing free calls to all 50 states and Washington, D.C. The Links also provide the ability to use calling cards to make international calls, and each Link has one button to call 9-1-1 directly. Since 2022, CityBridge has also installed 32-foot-tall (9.8 m) poles under the Link5G brand, which provide both Wi-Fi and 5G service.
The project brings free, encrypted, gigabit wireless internet coverage to the five boroughs by converting old payphones into Wi-Fi hotspots where free phone calls could also be made. As of 2020, there are 1,869 Links citywide; eventually, 7,500 Links are planned to be installed in the New York metropolitan area, making the system the world's fastest and most expansive. Intersection has also installed InLinks in cities across the UK. The Links are seen as a model for future city builds as part of smart city data pools and infrastructure.
Since the Links' deployment, there have been several concerns about the kiosks' features. Privacy advocates have stated that the data of LinkNYC users can be collected and used to track users' movements throughout the city. There are also concerns with cybercriminals possibly hijacking the Links, or renaming their personal wireless networksto the same name as LinkNYC's network, in order to steal LinkNYC users' data. In addition, prior to September 2016, the tablets of the Links could be used to browse the Internet. In summer 2016, concerns arose about the Link tablets' browsersbeing used for illicit purposes; despite the implementation of content filters on the kiosks, the illicit activities continued, and the browsers were disabled.
Wikipedia
LinkNYC
internet service provider in New York City
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A Link5G pole in Brooklyn
In October 2021, CityBridge submitted designs to the New York City Public Design Commission for the installation of 32-foot-tall (9.8 m) poles,capable of transmitting 5G wireless signals, under the Link5G brand.The Public Design Commission initially only approved the construction of Link5G poles in commercial and industrial neighborhoods.The first such pole was installed at the intersection of Hunters Point Avenue and 30th Place in Long Island City,Queens,in March 2022 and was used for testing. As part of an agreement with the city government,over2,000 poles were to be installed in portions of the city that lacked reliable internet service. Under the agreement with CityBridge,the city would receive eight percent of the first $200 million in profits from the Link5G project, as well as half of all revenue above $200 million. The first publicly accessible pole was installed in Morris Heights, Bronx,in July 2022.By the end of the year, CityBridge had installed 26 Link5G poles citywide.
In October 2021, CityBridge submitted designs to the New York City Public Design Commission for the installation of 32-foot-tall (9.8 m) poles,capable of transmitting 5G wireless signals, under the Link5G brand.The Public Design Commission initially only approved the construction of Link5G poles in commercial and industrial neighborhoods.The first such pole was installed at the intersection of Hunters Point Avenue and 30th Place in Long Island City,Queens,in March 2022 and was used for testing. As part of an agreement with the city government,over2,000 poles were to be installed in portions of the city that lacked reliable internet service. Under the agreement with CityBridge,the city would receive eight percent of the first $200 million in profits from the Link5G project, as well as half of all revenue above $200 million. The first publicly accessible pole was installed in Morris Heights, Bronx,in July 2022.By the end of the year, CityBridge had installed 26 Link5G poles citywide.
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastercard_Foundation
The Mastercard Foundation is an international non-governmental organization established by Mastercard in 2006.It is the wealthiest charitable foundation in Canada, and one of the wealthiest in the world, with 2024 assets of $47 billion.The organization,which is based in Toronto, Ontario,has supported work in 49 countries. In2018,Mastercard Foundation shifted to a specific focus on Africa, through its Young Africa Works strategy.The foundation develops programs primarily focused on reducing gender and economic inequality,expanding access to quality education, increasing the opportunities for decent work, and supporting overall economic growth. Funding is primarily managed with bilateral allocations through post-secondary institutions, research institutes, non-governmental organizations and the private sector, plus multilateral allocations through organizations like the numerous United Nationsentities under the United Nations Sustainable Development Group.
The Mastercard Foundation is an international non-governmental organization established by Mastercard in 2006.It is the wealthiest charitable foundation in Canada, and one of the wealthiest in the world, with 2024 assets of $47 billion.The organization,which is based in Toronto, Ontario,has supported work in 49 countries. In2018,Mastercard Foundation shifted to a specific focus on Africa, through its Young Africa Works strategy.The foundation develops programs primarily focused on reducing gender and economic inequality,expanding access to quality education, increasing the opportunities for decent work, and supporting overall economic growth. Funding is primarily managed with bilateral allocations through post-secondary institutions, research institutes, non-governmental organizations and the private sector, plus multilateral allocations through organizations like the numerous United Nationsentities under the United Nations Sustainable Development Group.
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University
Duke University is a private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892.[10] In 1924, tobacco and electric powerindustrialist James Buchanan Duke established the Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father, Washington Duke.
The university administers two concurrent schools in Asia, Duke–NUS Medical School in Singapore(established in 2005) and Duke Kunshan Universityin Kunshan, China (established in 2013).[13]
Duke spends more than $1 billion per year on research.[14] As of 2024, 16 Nobel laureates and 3 Turing Award winners have been affiliated with the university. Duke alumni also include 50 Rhodes Scholars. Duke is the alma mater of one president of the United States (Richard Nixon) and 14 living billionaires, as of early 2020.
Duke University is a private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892.[10] In 1924, tobacco and electric powerindustrialist James Buchanan Duke established the Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father, Washington Duke.
The university administers two concurrent schools in Asia, Duke–NUS Medical School in Singapore(established in 2005) and Duke Kunshan Universityin Kunshan, China (established in 2013).[13]
Duke spends more than $1 billion per year on research.[14] As of 2024, 16 Nobel laureates and 3 Turing Award winners have been affiliated with the university. Duke alumni also include 50 Rhodes Scholars. Duke is the alma mater of one president of the United States (Richard Nixon) and 14 living billionaires, as of early 2020.
Wikipedia
Duke University
Duke University is a private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892. In 1924, tobacco and electric power industrialist…
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Duke_University_people
This list of Duke University people includes alumni, faculty, presidents, and major philanthropists of Duke University, which includes three undergraduate and ten graduate schools. The undergraduate schools include Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Pratt School of Engineering, Sanford School of Public Policy, and Duke Kunshan University. The university's graduate and professional schools include the graduate school, the Pratt School of Engineering, the Nicholas School of the Environment, the School of Medicine, the School of Nursing, the Fuqua School of Business, the School of Law, the Divinity School, the Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke Kunshan University, and Duke–NUS Medical School.
This list of Duke University people includes alumni, faculty, presidents, and major philanthropists of Duke University, which includes three undergraduate and ten graduate schools. The undergraduate schools include Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Pratt School of Engineering, Sanford School of Public Policy, and Duke Kunshan University. The university's graduate and professional schools include the graduate school, the Pratt School of Engineering, the Nicholas School of the Environment, the School of Medicine, the School of Nursing, the Fuqua School of Business, the School of Law, the Divinity School, the Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke Kunshan University, and Duke–NUS Medical School.
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Google data centers are the large data centerfacilities Google uses to provide their services, which combine large drives, computer nodes organized in aisles of racks, internal and external networking, environmental controls (mainly cooling and humidification control), and operations software (especially as concerns load balancing and fault tolerance).
There is no official data on how many servers are in Google data centers, but Gartner estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers. This number is changing as the company expands capacity and refreshes its hardware.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_data_centers
There is no official data on how many servers are in Google data centers, but Gartner estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers. This number is changing as the company expands capacity and refreshes its hardware.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_data_centers
Wikipedia
Google data centers
facilities containing Google servers
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