๐ ๐ฐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐๐ผ๐๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐ง๐ผ ๐๐ผ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ฌ๐ผ๐๐ฟ ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐๐๐บ๐ฒ๐ฅ
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If you want to get a job as a machine learning engineer, donโt start by diving into the hottest libraries like PyTorch,TensorFlow, Langchain, etc.
Yes, you might hear a lot about them or some other trending technology of the year...but guess what!
Technologies evolve rapidly, especially in the age of AI, but core concepts are always seen as more valuable than expertise in any particular tool. Stop trying to perform a brain surgery without knowing anything about human anatomy.
Instead, here are basic skills that will get you further than mastering any framework:
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐๐ฌ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ญ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐๐ฌ - My first exposure to probability and statistics was in college, and it felt abstract at the time, but these concepts are the backbone of ML.
You can start here: Khan Academy Statistics and Probability - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability
๐๐ข๐ง๐๐๐ซ ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ - Concepts like matrices, vectors, eigenvalues, and derivatives are fundamental to understanding how ml algorithms work. These are used in everything from simple regression to deep learning.
๐๐ซ๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐ - Should you learn Python, Rust, R, Julia, JavaScript, etc.? The best advice is to pick the language that is most frequently used for the type of work you want to do. I started with Python due to its simplicity and extensive library support, and it remains my go-to language for machine learning tasks.
You can start here: Automate the Boring Stuff with Python - https://automatetheboringstuff.com/
๐๐ฅ๐ ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐ฆ ๐๐ง๐๐๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐ - Understand the fundamental algorithms before jumping to deep learning. This includes linear regression, decision trees, SVMs, and clustering algorithms.
๐๐๐ฉ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฒ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Knowing how to take a model from development to production is invaluable. This includes understanding APIs, model optimization, and monitoring. Tools like Docker and Flask are often used in this process.
๐๐ฅ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐:
Familiarity with cloud platforms (AWS, Google Cloud, Azure) and big data tools (Spark) is increasingly important as datasets grow larger. These skills help you manage and process large-scale data efficiently.
You can start here: Google Cloud Machine Learning - https://cloud.google.com/learn/training/machinelearning-ai
I love frameworks and libraries, and they can make anyone's job easier.
But the more solid your foundation, the easier it will be to pick up any new technologies and actually validate whether they solve your problems.
USEFUL RESOURCES TO LEARN MACHINE LEARNING
๐๐
Intro to ML by MIT Free Course
https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu/courses/course-v1:MITx+6.036+1T2019/about
Machine Learning for Everyone FREE BOOK
https://buildmedia.readthedocs.org/media/pdf/pymbook/latest/pymbook.pdf
ML Crash Course by Google
https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course
Advanced Machine Learning with Python Github
https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Advanced-Machine-Learning-with-Python
Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques Free Book
https://vk.com/doc10903696_437487078?hash=674d2f82c486ac525b&dl=ed6dd98cd9d60a642b
Python Machine Learning for beginners
https://t.me/datasciencefun/1177?single
https://topmate.io/coding/914624
All the best ๐๐
Yes, you might hear a lot about them or some other trending technology of the year...but guess what!
Technologies evolve rapidly, especially in the age of AI, but core concepts are always seen as more valuable than expertise in any particular tool. Stop trying to perform a brain surgery without knowing anything about human anatomy.
Instead, here are basic skills that will get you further than mastering any framework:
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐๐ฌ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ญ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐๐ฌ - My first exposure to probability and statistics was in college, and it felt abstract at the time, but these concepts are the backbone of ML.
You can start here: Khan Academy Statistics and Probability - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability
๐๐ข๐ง๐๐๐ซ ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ - Concepts like matrices, vectors, eigenvalues, and derivatives are fundamental to understanding how ml algorithms work. These are used in everything from simple regression to deep learning.
๐๐ซ๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐ - Should you learn Python, Rust, R, Julia, JavaScript, etc.? The best advice is to pick the language that is most frequently used for the type of work you want to do. I started with Python due to its simplicity and extensive library support, and it remains my go-to language for machine learning tasks.
You can start here: Automate the Boring Stuff with Python - https://automatetheboringstuff.com/
๐๐ฅ๐ ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐ฆ ๐๐ง๐๐๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐ - Understand the fundamental algorithms before jumping to deep learning. This includes linear regression, decision trees, SVMs, and clustering algorithms.
๐๐๐ฉ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฒ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Knowing how to take a model from development to production is invaluable. This includes understanding APIs, model optimization, and monitoring. Tools like Docker and Flask are often used in this process.
๐๐ฅ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐:
Familiarity with cloud platforms (AWS, Google Cloud, Azure) and big data tools (Spark) is increasingly important as datasets grow larger. These skills help you manage and process large-scale data efficiently.
You can start here: Google Cloud Machine Learning - https://cloud.google.com/learn/training/machinelearning-ai
I love frameworks and libraries, and they can make anyone's job easier.
But the more solid your foundation, the easier it will be to pick up any new technologies and actually validate whether they solve your problems.
USEFUL RESOURCES TO LEARN MACHINE LEARNING
๐๐
Intro to ML by MIT Free Course
https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu/courses/course-v1:MITx+6.036+1T2019/about
Machine Learning for Everyone FREE BOOK
https://buildmedia.readthedocs.org/media/pdf/pymbook/latest/pymbook.pdf
ML Crash Course by Google
https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course
Advanced Machine Learning with Python Github
https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Advanced-Machine-Learning-with-Python
Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques Free Book
https://vk.com/doc10903696_437487078?hash=674d2f82c486ac525b&dl=ed6dd98cd9d60a642b
Python Machine Learning for beginners
https://t.me/datasciencefun/1177?single
https://topmate.io/coding/914624
All the best ๐๐
โค2
๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐๐ถ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ฒ | ๐ง๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฅ๐ผ๐น๐ฒ๐ ๐จ๐ฝ ๐๐ผ โน๐ญ๐ฎ ๐๐ฃ๐!๐ฅ
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โค3๐ฅ1
๐ Coding Interview Questions with Answers (Part 19)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ1๏ธโฃ How Do You Reverse a String?
Answer:
Reversing a string means arranging its characters in the opposite order.
Example:
Input: "hello"
Output: "olleh"
Python:
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ2๏ธโฃ How Do You Find the Largest Element in an Array?
Answer:
Traverse the array while keeping track of the largest value found so far.
Example:
Input: [10, 25, 7, 42, 18]
Output: 42
Python:
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ3๏ธโฃ How Do You Find the Second Largest Element in an Array?
Answer:
Maintain two variables: one for the largest element and another for the second largest. Update them while traversing the array.
Example:
Input: [10, 25, 7, 42, 18]
Output: 25
Python:
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ4๏ธโฃ How Do You Check Whether a String is a Palindrome?
Answer:
A palindrome is a string that reads the same forward and backward.
Examples:
"madam" โ Palindrome
"level" โ Palindrome
"hello" โ Not a palindrome
Python:
Time Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ5๏ธโฃ How Do You Find Duplicate Elements in an Array?
Answer:
Use a set to keep track of elements that have already appeared. If an element is already present in the set, it is a duplicate.
Example:
Input: [1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 1]
Output: [1, 2]
Python:
Average Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ6๏ธโฃ How Do You Remove Duplicates from an Array?
Answer:
A common approach is to use a set, which stores only unique values.
Example:
Input: [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4]
Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]
Python:
If the original order must be preserved:
Average Time Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ7๏ธโฃ How Do You Find the Missing Number in an Array?
Answer:
If an array contains numbers from "1" to "n" with one number missing, calculate the expected sum and subtract the actual sum.
Example:
Input: [1, 2, 4, 5]
Output: 3
Python:
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ How Do You Merge Two Sorted Arrays?
Answer:
Use two pointers to compare elements from both arrays and add the smaller element to the result.
Example:
Input:
[1, 3, 5]
[2, 4, 6]
Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Python:
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ1๏ธโฃ How Do You Reverse a String?
Answer:
Reversing a string means arranging its characters in the opposite order.
Example:
Input: "hello"
Output: "olleh"
Python:
text = "hello"
reversed_text = text[::-1]
print(reversed_text)
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ2๏ธโฃ How Do You Find the Largest Element in an Array?
Answer:
Traverse the array while keeping track of the largest value found so far.
Example:
Input: [10, 25, 7, 42, 18]
Output: 42
Python:
numbers = [10, 25, 7, 42, 18]
largest = numbers[0]
for num in numbers:
if num > largest:
largest = num
print(largest)
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ3๏ธโฃ How Do You Find the Second Largest Element in an Array?
Answer:
Maintain two variables: one for the largest element and another for the second largest. Update them while traversing the array.
Example:
Input: [10, 25, 7, 42, 18]
Output: 25
Python:
numbers = [10, 25, 7, 42, 18]
largest = second = float('-inf')
for num in numbers:
if num > largest:
second = largest
largest = num
elif largest > num > second:
second = num
print(second)
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ4๏ธโฃ How Do You Check Whether a String is a Palindrome?
Answer:
A palindrome is a string that reads the same forward and backward.
Examples:
"madam" โ Palindrome
"level" โ Palindrome
"hello" โ Not a palindrome
Python:
text = "madam"
if text == text[::-1]:
print("Palindrome")
else:
print("Not a palindrome")
Time Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ5๏ธโฃ How Do You Find Duplicate Elements in an Array?
Answer:
Use a set to keep track of elements that have already appeared. If an element is already present in the set, it is a duplicate.
Example:
Input: [1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 1]
Output: [1, 2]
Python:
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 1]
seen = set()
duplicates = set()
for num in numbers:
if num in seen:
duplicates.add(num)
else:
seen.add(num)
print(duplicates)
Average Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ6๏ธโฃ How Do You Remove Duplicates from an Array?
Answer:
A common approach is to use a set, which stores only unique values.
Example:
Input: [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4]
Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]
Python:
numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4]
unique_numbers = list(set(numbers))
print(unique_numbers)
If the original order must be preserved:
unique_numbers = list(dict.fromkeys(numbers))
Average Time Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ7๏ธโฃ How Do You Find the Missing Number in an Array?
Answer:
If an array contains numbers from "1" to "n" with one number missing, calculate the expected sum and subtract the actual sum.
Example:
Input: [1, 2, 4, 5]
Output: 3
Python:
numbers = [1, 2, 4, 5]
n = 5
expected = n * (n + 1) // 2
missing = expected - sum(numbers)
print(missing)
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ How Do You Merge Two Sorted Arrays?
Answer:
Use two pointers to compare elements from both arrays and add the smaller element to the result.
Example:
Input:
[1, 3, 5]
[2, 4, 6]
Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Python:
a = [1, 3, 5]
b = [2, 4, 6]
i = j = 0
result = []
while i < len(a) and j < len(b):
if a[i] < b[j]:
result.append(a[i])
i += 1
else:
result.append(b[j])
j += 1
while i < len(a):
result.append(a[i])
i += 1
while j < len(b):
result.append(b[j])
j += 1
print(result)
โค5
Time Complexity: O(n + m)
Space Complexity: O(n + m)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ How Do You Check if Two Strings are Anagrams?
Answer:
Two strings are anagrams if they contain the same characters with the same frequencies, but possibly in a different order.
Example:
"listen" โ "silent"
Both contain the same characters, so they are anagrams.
Python:
Time Complexity: O(n log n)
A frequency-count approach can achieve O(n) average time.
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ How Do You Find the First Non-Repeating Character?
Answer:
Count the frequency of every character, then scan the string again and return the first character whose frequency is "1".
Example:
Input: "swiss"
Output: "w"
Python:
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(k), where "k" is the number of distinct characters.
๐ฅ Double Tap โค๏ธ For Part-20
Space Complexity: O(n + m)
1๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ How Do You Check if Two Strings are Anagrams?
Answer:
Two strings are anagrams if they contain the same characters with the same frequencies, but possibly in a different order.
Example:
"listen" โ "silent"
Both contain the same characters, so they are anagrams.
Python:
str1 = "listen"
str2 = "silent"
if sorted(str1) == sorted(str2):
print("Anagrams")
else:
print("Not Anagrams")
Time Complexity: O(n log n)
A frequency-count approach can achieve O(n) average time.
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ How Do You Find the First Non-Repeating Character?
Answer:
Count the frequency of every character, then scan the string again and return the first character whose frequency is "1".
Example:
Input: "swiss"
Output: "w"
Python:
from collections import Counter
text = "swiss"
count = Counter(text)
for char in text:
if count[char] == 1:
print(char)
break
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(k), where "k" is the number of distinct characters.
๐ฅ Double Tap โค๏ธ For Part-20
โค8๐ฅ1
๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฎ ๐๐ป๐ฎ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ & ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฎ ๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐๐ผ๐๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐
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๐ Coding Interview Questions with Answers (Part 20)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ1๏ธโฃ What is the Two Sum Problem?
Answer:
The Two Sum problem asks you to find two elements in an array whose sum equals a given target.
Example:
Input: [2][7][11][15]
Target: 9
Output: [2][7]
A Hash Map can be used to store previously seen values and find the required complement efficiently.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ2๏ธโฃ What is the Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters Problem?
Answer:
The goal is to find the longest substring that contains no repeated characters.
Example:
Input: "abcbb"
Output: 3
The longest substring is "abc".
A Sliding Window with a Hash Set or Hash Map can solve this efficiently.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(k)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ3๏ธโฃ What is the Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) Problem?
Answer:
LCS finds the longest sequence that appears in the same order in two strings, but the characters do not need to be adjacent.
Example:
Input: "abcde" and "ace"
Output: "ace"
Dynamic Programming is commonly used to solve this problem.
Time Complexity: O(m ร n)
Space Complexity: O(m ร n)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ4๏ธโฃ What is the Longest Increasing Subsequence (LIS) Problem?
Answer:
LIS finds the longest subsequence of an array where the elements are in strictly increasing order.
Example:
Input: [10][9][2][5][3][7][101][18]
Output: 4
One possible LIS is: [2][3][7][101]
It can be solved using Dynamic Programming or an optimized Binary Search approach.
Time Complexity: O(n log n) using the optimized approach.
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ5๏ธโฃ What is the Maximum Subarray Sum Problem?
Answer:
The goal is to find the contiguous subarray with the largest possible sum.
Example:
Input: [-2][1][-3][4][-1][2][1][-5][4]
Output: 6
The maximum-sum subarray is: [4][-1][2][1]
Kadane's Algorithm can solve this efficiently.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ6๏ธโฃ What is the Merge Intervals Problem?
Answer:
The Merge Intervals problem requires combining overlapping intervals into a single interval.
Example:
Input: [[1,3][2,6][8,10][9,12]]
Output: [[1,6][8,12]]
The typical approach is to sort the intervals by their starting value and then merge overlapping intervals.
Time Complexity: O(n log n)
Space Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ7๏ธโฃ What is the Trapping Rain Water Problem?
Answer:
The problem asks you to calculate how much rainwater can be trapped between bars of different heights.
Example:
Input: [0][1][0][2][1][0][1][3][2][1][2][1]
Output: 6
A Two Pointers approach can solve this problem efficiently by tracking the maximum height from both sides.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ What is the Median of Two Sorted Arrays Problem?
Answer:
The goal is to find the median of two sorted arrays without necessarily merging them completely.
Example:
Input: [1][3] and [2]
Output: 2
An optimized solution uses Binary Search to partition the two arrays correctly.
Time Complexity: O(log(min(m,n)))
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ What is the LRU Cache Problem?
Answer:
LRU stands for Least Recently Used.
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ1๏ธโฃ What is the Two Sum Problem?
Answer:
The Two Sum problem asks you to find two elements in an array whose sum equals a given target.
Example:
Input: [2][7][11][15]
Target: 9
Output: [2][7]
A Hash Map can be used to store previously seen values and find the required complement efficiently.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ2๏ธโฃ What is the Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters Problem?
Answer:
The goal is to find the longest substring that contains no repeated characters.
Example:
Input: "abcbb"
Output: 3
The longest substring is "abc".
A Sliding Window with a Hash Set or Hash Map can solve this efficiently.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(k)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ3๏ธโฃ What is the Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) Problem?
Answer:
LCS finds the longest sequence that appears in the same order in two strings, but the characters do not need to be adjacent.
Example:
Input: "abcde" and "ace"
Output: "ace"
Dynamic Programming is commonly used to solve this problem.
Time Complexity: O(m ร n)
Space Complexity: O(m ร n)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ4๏ธโฃ What is the Longest Increasing Subsequence (LIS) Problem?
Answer:
LIS finds the longest subsequence of an array where the elements are in strictly increasing order.
Example:
Input: [10][9][2][5][3][7][101][18]
Output: 4
One possible LIS is: [2][3][7][101]
It can be solved using Dynamic Programming or an optimized Binary Search approach.
Time Complexity: O(n log n) using the optimized approach.
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ5๏ธโฃ What is the Maximum Subarray Sum Problem?
Answer:
The goal is to find the contiguous subarray with the largest possible sum.
Example:
Input: [-2][1][-3][4][-1][2][1][-5][4]
Output: 6
The maximum-sum subarray is: [4][-1][2][1]
Kadane's Algorithm can solve this efficiently.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ6๏ธโฃ What is the Merge Intervals Problem?
Answer:
The Merge Intervals problem requires combining overlapping intervals into a single interval.
Example:
Input: [[1,3][2,6][8,10][9,12]]
Output: [[1,6][8,12]]
The typical approach is to sort the intervals by their starting value and then merge overlapping intervals.
Time Complexity: O(n log n)
Space Complexity: O(n)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ7๏ธโฃ What is the Trapping Rain Water Problem?
Answer:
The problem asks you to calculate how much rainwater can be trapped between bars of different heights.
Example:
Input: [0][1][0][2][1][0][1][3][2][1][2][1]
Output: 6
A Two Pointers approach can solve this problem efficiently by tracking the maximum height from both sides.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ8๏ธโฃ What is the Median of Two Sorted Arrays Problem?
Answer:
The goal is to find the median of two sorted arrays without necessarily merging them completely.
Example:
Input: [1][3] and [2]
Output: 2
An optimized solution uses Binary Search to partition the two arrays correctly.
Time Complexity: O(log(min(m,n)))
Space Complexity: O(1)
1๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ9๏ธโฃ What is the LRU Cache Problem?
Answer:
LRU stands for Least Recently Used.
โค2
An LRU Cache removes the item that has not been used for the longest time when the cache reaches its capacity.
A common implementation uses:
โข Hash Map for O(1) lookup.
โข Doubly Linked List for O(1) insertion and removal.
Time Complexity:
โข Get: O(1)
โข Put: O(1)
2๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ How Would You Design a URL Shortener?
Answer:
A URL shortener converts a long URL into a short, unique URL.
Example:
Long URL: https://example.com/products/category/item/12345
Short URL: https://short.ly/aB92x
A basic system can use:
1. Generate a unique ID for each URL.
2. Convert the ID into a short Base62 string.
3. Store the mapping between the short code and original URL.
4. When the short URL is requested, look up the original URL.
5. Redirect the user to the original URL.
Important Design Considerations:
โข Unique short IDs
โข Database design
โข Caching
โข Scalability
โข High availability
โข Expiration of URLs
โข Analytics and click tracking
๐ฅ Double Tap โค๏ธ For More
A common implementation uses:
โข Hash Map for O(1) lookup.
โข Doubly Linked List for O(1) insertion and removal.
Time Complexity:
โข Get: O(1)
โข Put: O(1)
2๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ How Would You Design a URL Shortener?
Answer:
A URL shortener converts a long URL into a short, unique URL.
Example:
Long URL: https://example.com/products/category/item/12345
Short URL: https://short.ly/aB92x
A basic system can use:
1. Generate a unique ID for each URL.
2. Convert the ID into a short Base62 string.
3. Store the mapping between the short code and original URL.
4. When the short URL is requested, look up the original URL.
5. Redirect the user to the original URL.
Important Design Considerations:
โข Unique short IDs
โข Database design
โข Caching
โข Scalability
โข High availability
โข Expiration of URLs
โข Analytics and click tracking
๐ฅ Double Tap โค๏ธ For More
โค2
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Also, learn how to design scalable systems and understand how to build solutions that can handle growth in users and data.
๐ For higher-level roles (SDE-2 and SDE-3), focus on:
โ๏ธ DSA + System Design (both LLD and HLD).
โ๏ธ Building your leadership skills, as youโll need to lead teams and projects.
๐ธI know itโs challenging to do this while working full-time, but youโll need to carve out time to consistently upskill yourself.
Remember, your learning plan should be sensible and well-organized.
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โค2