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🌍 Erasmus+ Opportunities for India

From international credit mobility and Erasmus Mundus Joint Masters to capacity building and research collaboration, Erasmus+ offers multiple pathways for global engagement.

An important scheme related to higher education 👆👆

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This PDF contains important facts related to this Erasmus programme. You may be asked a question in the exam. 👆👆

India celebrates Republic Day every year on 26 January to mark the historic day when the Constitution of India came into force in 1950, transforming the nation into a sovereign democratic republic. Republic Day 2026 will mark the 77th anniversary of the Republic of India and holds immense constitutional, political, and cultural importance for citizens.

Republic Day History

Lahore Session of the INC (1929): The Indian National Congress, at its historic Lahore Session on 19 December 1929 under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, formally adopted the resolution of Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence), rejecting dominion status under British rule.

Proclamation of Complete Independence: The Purna Swaraj resolution declared that British rule in India was illegitimate and affirmed the Indian people’s inalienable right to self-governance and sovereignty.

Observance of Independence Day Before 1947: Between 1930 and 1947, 26 January was observed as Independence Day by freedom fighters across India, with public meetings, oath-taking ceremonies, and hoisting of the tricolour.

Formation of the Constituent Assembly (1946): The Constituent Assembly of India was constituted in December 1946 to draft a permanent constitution for independent India, representing diverse regions, communities, and political ideologies.

Adoption of the Constitution (1949): After nearly 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days of deliberations, the Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949, establishing the framework of governance and fundamental values.

Choice of 26 January as Republic Day: The date 26 January 1950 was chosen for the enforcement of the Constitution to honor the historic Purna Swaraj resolution of 1930, linking constitutional governance with the freedom struggle.

India Becomes a Republic (1950): On 26 January 1950, the Constitution came into force, India officially became a Sovereign Democratic Republic, and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was sworn in as the first President of India.

Republic Day Awards and Civil Honours

Republic Day Awards and Civil Honours recognize individuals for exceptional service and achievements in fields such as public service, arts, science, social work, sports, and national security, reflecting the nation’s gratitude and constitutional values.

Civilian Awards (Highest Honours):

Bharat Ratna – India’s highest civilian award for exceptional service in art, literature, science, or public service; a maximum of three awards per year

Padma Vibhushan – Conferred for exceptional and distinguished service

Padma Bhushan – Awarded for distinguished service of a high order

Padma Shri – Given for distinguished service in any field.

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Flag Hoisting vs. Flag Unfurling: What's the significance of Independence Day and Republic Day?


Every year on August 15th, India celebrates Independence Day, a national holiday that marks its independence from British colonial rule. On this day, the national flag is hoisted by the Prime Minister. In contrast, on Republic Day, January 26th, the flag is unfurled by the President. These two different ceremonial practices symbolize India's freedom journey and constitutional principles.

On Independence Day, the term "hoisting" is used because the flag starts at the bottom of the pole and is raised upwards by the Prime Minister. This action symbolizes the rise of a new nation, patriotism, and freedom from colonial rule.

Republic Day, on the other hand, marks the adoption of the Indian Constitution in 1950. The flag is "unfurled" because it starts in a folded position at the top of the pole and is unveiled without being raised. This act represents the commitment to the principles laid down in the Constitution, showcasing the transition from colonial rule to a sovereign, democratic republic.

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