🏮 CAPTURE OF HOOGHLY
#Portuguese
📍 Based on imperial farman circa 1759, the Portuguese were settled near satgaon in Bengal to carry trading activities.
📍 They monopolised the manufacture of salt, built a custom house of their own and started enforcing strictly the levy of duty on tobacco, which had become an important article of trade since its introduction at the beginning of the 17th century.
📍 The Portuguese not only made money as traders but also started a cruel slave trade by purchasing or seizing Hindu and Muslim children, whom they brought up as Christians. In the course of their nefarious activities, they seized two slave girls of Mumtaz Mahal.
📍 Shah Jahan ordered the Bengal governor Qasim Khan to take action against the Portuguese. A siege of Hooghly finally led to the Portuguese fleeing.
📍 The Mughals suffered a loss of 1,000 men, but also took 400 prisoners to Agra. The prisoners were offered the option to convert to Islam or become slaves.
▪︎@upsc_history_notes
#Portuguese
📍 Based on imperial farman circa 1759, the Portuguese were settled near satgaon in Bengal to carry trading activities.
📍 They monopolised the manufacture of salt, built a custom house of their own and started enforcing strictly the levy of duty on tobacco, which had become an important article of trade since its introduction at the beginning of the 17th century.
📍 The Portuguese not only made money as traders but also started a cruel slave trade by purchasing or seizing Hindu and Muslim children, whom they brought up as Christians. In the course of their nefarious activities, they seized two slave girls of Mumtaz Mahal.
📍 Shah Jahan ordered the Bengal governor Qasim Khan to take action against the Portuguese. A siege of Hooghly finally led to the Portuguese fleeing.
📍 The Mughals suffered a loss of 1,000 men, but also took 400 prisoners to Agra. The prisoners were offered the option to convert to Islam or become slaves.
▪︎@upsc_history_notes
🏮 LIMITATION OF PORTUGAL.
#Portuguese
📍 Portugal was a small country, and though developed rapidly in the field of commerce, its financial resources were limited. German and Italian merchants and merchant houses became the principal agents for distributing all over Europe the eastern goods brought to Lisbon by the Portuguese.
📍 Demand in Asia for European goods which could be exchanged for purchase of pepper and other eastern goods was limited. Hence, precious metals, especially silver had to be exported. But portuguese did not had Silver.
📍 The share of the private Portuguese traders in the Portuguese trade to Europe rose sharply, amounting to over 90 per cent of the total.
📍 The expectation of the Portuguese king that Portuguese control of the coastal trade of India would pay for the export of pepper and other eastern goods to Europe also remained a misnomer.
▪︎@upsc_history_notes
#Portuguese
📍 Portugal was a small country, and though developed rapidly in the field of commerce, its financial resources were limited. German and Italian merchants and merchant houses became the principal agents for distributing all over Europe the eastern goods brought to Lisbon by the Portuguese.
📍 Demand in Asia for European goods which could be exchanged for purchase of pepper and other eastern goods was limited. Hence, precious metals, especially silver had to be exported. But portuguese did not had Silver.
📍 The share of the private Portuguese traders in the Portuguese trade to Europe rose sharply, amounting to over 90 per cent of the total.
📍 The expectation of the Portuguese king that Portuguese control of the coastal trade of India would pay for the export of pepper and other eastern goods to Europe also remained a misnomer.
▪︎@upsc_history_notes
Lord Macaulay’s Minute
• The famous Lord Macaulay’s Minute settled the row in favour of Anglicists— the limited government resources were to be devoted to the teaching of Western sciences a lone
literature through the medium of English language alone.
• Lord Macaulay held the view that “Indian learning was inferior to European learning”.
• The British planned to educate a small section of upper and middle classes, thus creating a class “Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect” who would act as interpreters between the government and masses and would enrich the vernaculars by which knowledge of Western sciences and literature would reach the masses . This was called the ‘downward filtration theory’.
• The famous Lord Macaulay’s Minute settled the row in favour of Anglicists— the limited government resources were to be devoted to the teaching of Western sciences a lone
literature through the medium of English language alone.
• Lord Macaulay held the view that “Indian learning was inferior to European learning”.
• The British planned to educate a small section of upper and middle classes, thus creating a class “Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect” who would act as interpreters between the government and masses and would enrich the vernaculars by which knowledge of Western sciences and literature would reach the masses . This was called the ‘downward filtration theory’.
ALFONSO DE ALBUQUERQUE
• Albuquerque, who succeeded Almeida as the Portuguese governor in India, was the real founder of the Portuguese power in the East. • He secured for Portugal the strategic control of the Indian Ocean by establishing bases overlooking all the entrances to the sea.
• The Portuguese, under Albuquerque, bolstered their stranglehold by introducing a permit system for other ships and exercising control over the major ship-building centers in the region.
• He acquired Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510 with ease. An interesting feature of his rule was the abolition of sati.
• Albuquerque, who succeeded Almeida as the Portuguese governor in India, was the real founder of the Portuguese power in the East. • He secured for Portugal the strategic control of the Indian Ocean by establishing bases overlooking all the entrances to the sea.
• The Portuguese, under Albuquerque, bolstered their stranglehold by introducing a permit system for other ships and exercising control over the major ship-building centers in the region.
• He acquired Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510 with ease. An interesting feature of his rule was the abolition of sati.
Wood's Despatch
• In 1854, Charles Wood prepared a despatch on an educational system for India.
• Considered as the “Magna Carta of English Education in India”, this document was the first comprehensive plan for the spread of education in India.
• It recommended English as the medium of instruction for higher studies and vernaculars at the school level.
• It laid stress on female and vocational education, and on teachers’ training.
• It laid down that the education imparted in government institutions should be secular.
• It recommended a system of grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise.
• In 1854, Charles Wood prepared a despatch on an educational system for India.
• Considered as the “Magna Carta of English Education in India”, this document was the first comprehensive plan for the spread of education in India.
• It recommended English as the medium of instruction for higher studies and vernaculars at the school level.
• It laid stress on female and vocational education, and on teachers’ training.
• It laid down that the education imparted in government institutions should be secular.
• It recommended a system of grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise.
Francisco De Almeida
• In 1505, the King of Portugal appointed a governor in India for a three-year term and equipped the incumbent with sufficient force to protect the Portuguese interests.
• Francisco De Almeida, the newly appointed governor, was asked to consolidate the position of the Portuguese in India.
• Almeida’s vision was to make the Portuguese the master of the Indian Ocean. His policy was known as the ‘Blue Water Policy’ i.e. to be powerful at sea instead of building fortresses on land.
• In 1505, the King of Portugal appointed a governor in India for a three-year term and equipped the incumbent with sufficient force to protect the Portuguese interests.
• Francisco De Almeida, the newly appointed governor, was asked to consolidate the position of the Portuguese in India.
• Almeida’s vision was to make the Portuguese the master of the Indian Ocean. His policy was known as the ‘Blue Water Policy’ i.e. to be powerful at sea instead of building fortresses on land.
King Krishnadevaraya
• He was the king of Vijayanagara Empire who resigned in the 16th century over most of South India.
• He was a Sri Vaishnava, a follower of the Tamil saint Ramanuja.
• He was commonly known as abhinava-bhoja, ―a New Bhoja,‖ sakala-kala-bhoja, ―Bhoja in all arts,‖ and Andhra Bhoja.
• He wrote Amuktamalyada, which tells the story of the Tamil poet-saint Andal.
• Recently, the first-ever epigraphical reference to the date of death of Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya has been discovered at Honnenahalli in Tumakuru district.
• The inscription is engraved on a slab kept on the north side of the Gopalakrishna temple.
• The inscription is written in Kannada, also registers gift of village Honnenahalli in Tumakuru for conducting worship to the god Veeraprasanna Hanumantha of Tumakuru.
• He was the king of Vijayanagara Empire who resigned in the 16th century over most of South India.
• He was a Sri Vaishnava, a follower of the Tamil saint Ramanuja.
• He was commonly known as abhinava-bhoja, ―a New Bhoja,‖ sakala-kala-bhoja, ―Bhoja in all arts,‖ and Andhra Bhoja.
• He wrote Amuktamalyada, which tells the story of the Tamil poet-saint Andal.
• Recently, the first-ever epigraphical reference to the date of death of Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya has been discovered at Honnenahalli in Tumakuru district.
• The inscription is engraved on a slab kept on the north side of the Gopalakrishna temple.
• The inscription is written in Kannada, also registers gift of village Honnenahalli in Tumakuru for conducting worship to the god Veeraprasanna Hanumantha of Tumakuru.
PADMANABHA SWAMY TEMPLE
o It is a Hindu temple.
o The temple is built in an intricate fusion of the Chera style and the Dravidian style of architecture, featuring high walls, and a 16th-century gopura.
o The principal deity Padmanabhaswamy (Vishnu) is enshrined in the "Anantha Shayana" posture, the eternal yogic sleep on the serpent Adi Shesha.
o The Temple has been referred to in the Sangam period of literature between 500 BCE and 300 CE several times.
o It is a Hindu temple.
o The temple is built in an intricate fusion of the Chera style and the Dravidian style of architecture, featuring high walls, and a 16th-century gopura.
o The principal deity Padmanabhaswamy (Vishnu) is enshrined in the "Anantha Shayana" posture, the eternal yogic sleep on the serpent Adi Shesha.
o The Temple has been referred to in the Sangam period of literature between 500 BCE and 300 CE several times.
The Ghadr
• The Ghadr Party was a revolutionary group organized around a weekly newspaper ‘The Ghadr’ with its headquarters at San Francisco.
• These revolutionaries included mainly ex-soldiers and peasants who had migrated from Punjab to the USA and Canada in search of better employment opportunities.
• The Ghadr program was to organize assassinations of officials, publish revolutionary and anti-imperialist literature, work among Indian troops stationed abroad, procure arms and bring about a simultaneous revolt in all British colonies.
• The moving spirits behind the Ghadr Party were Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhagwan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, and Bhai Parmanand.
• The Ghadrites intended to bring about a revolt in India. Their plans were encouraged by two events in 1914—the Komagata Maru incident and the outbreak of the First World War.
• The Ghadr Party was a revolutionary group organized around a weekly newspaper ‘The Ghadr’ with its headquarters at San Francisco.
• These revolutionaries included mainly ex-soldiers and peasants who had migrated from Punjab to the USA and Canada in search of better employment opportunities.
• The Ghadr program was to organize assassinations of officials, publish revolutionary and anti-imperialist literature, work among Indian troops stationed abroad, procure arms and bring about a simultaneous revolt in all British colonies.
• The moving spirits behind the Ghadr Party were Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhagwan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, and Bhai Parmanand.
• The Ghadrites intended to bring about a revolt in India. Their plans were encouraged by two events in 1914—the Komagata Maru incident and the outbreak of the First World War.
FIRST ANGLO-MYSORE WAR (1767-1769)
• The English were confident of their military strength after their success in Bengal. They concluded a treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad (1766) persuading him to give them the Northern Circars (region) in lieu of which they said they would protect the Nizam from Haidar Ali. Haidar already had territorial disputes with the Nawab of Arcot and differences with the Marathas.
• The Nizam, the Marathas, and the English allied together against Haidar Ali. Haidar Ali with his diplomatic skill turned the Nizam into an ally and paid the Marathas to turn them neutral.
• The war concluded with the Treaty of Madras which provided for the exchange of prisoners and mutual restitution of conquests. Haidar Ali was promised the help of the English in case he was attacked by any other power.
• The English were confident of their military strength after their success in Bengal. They concluded a treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad (1766) persuading him to give them the Northern Circars (region) in lieu of which they said they would protect the Nizam from Haidar Ali. Haidar already had territorial disputes with the Nawab of Arcot and differences with the Marathas.
• The Nizam, the Marathas, and the English allied together against Haidar Ali. Haidar Ali with his diplomatic skill turned the Nizam into an ally and paid the Marathas to turn them neutral.
• The war concluded with the Treaty of Madras which provided for the exchange of prisoners and mutual restitution of conquests. Haidar Ali was promised the help of the English in case he was attacked by any other power.
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