Though this is old video but it is relevant for this years Pre exam also.

Fresh water lakes

Longest : Lake Tanganyika
(673 KM)

Highest: Lake Titicaca

Largest: Lake superior (by area)

Lake Baikal (By volume)


@upscwithkunal

Winds

There are three main categories of winds based on their scale and duration:

1. Planetary Winds (Permanent Winds): These winds blow consistently throughout the year in a particular direction and cover large areas. Examples include:

Trade Winds: Blow from subtropical high-pressure belts towards the equatorial low-pressure belt (doldrums). They are northeasterly in the Northern Hemisphere and southeasterly in the Southern Hemisphere.

Westerlies: Blow from subtropical high-pressure belts towards subpolar low-pressure belts in both hemispheres. They are southwesterly in the Northern Hemisphere and northwesterly in the Southern Hemisphere.

Polar Easterlies: Cold, dry winds blowing from the polar high-pressure areas towards the subpolar low-pressure areas. They are northeasterly in the Northern Hemisphere and southeasterly in the Southern Hemisphere.

2. Periodic Winds (Secondary Winds or Seasonal Winds): These winds change their direction seasonally. Examples include:

Monsoon Winds: Large-scale sea and land breezes that reverse direction between summer and winter, bringing significant changes in precipitation. The most well-known are in South and Southeast Asia.

Land and Sea Breezes: Local wind systems in coastal areas. Sea breezes blow from sea to land during the day, and land breezes blow from land to sea during the night.


Mountain and Valley Breezes: Local wind systems in mountainous regions. Valley breezes blow uphill during the day, and mountain breezes blow downhill during the night.


3. Local Winds (Tertiary Winds): These winds blow over a limited area and are caused by local temperature and pressure differences. They occur during particular periods of the day or year. Examples include:

Loo (India & Pakistan): Hot, dry wind in the northern plains during summer.

Chinook (Rocky Mountains, North America): Warm, dry wind descending the eastern slopes.


Foehn (Alps): Warm, dry wind on the leeward side of a mountain range.

Mistral (Mediterranean region): Cold, strong northwesterly wind.


Bora (Adriatic region): Cold, dry wind blowing from the northeast.

Santa Ana (Southern California): Hot, dry wind blowing offshore from the desert.

Get a detailed version here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GiPmmZgtseWMhwRwc5S43hTRpJnp26ci/view?usp=sharing

🗨️ Talk to your textbooks — from NCERTs to top UPSC books, get insights without flipping a page.

❤️ Mark & favorite key topics — revisit tricky concepts easily when it’s crunch time.

⚡ Generate smart flashcards — build your own memory bank as you study.

🎧 Study on the move — activate voice mode and prep without screen-time while walking, cooking, or commuting.

Download Saval AI app: https://saval.ai/link?s=telegram&m=kun1&c=2&t=playstore

Equator cutting the following countries

ECB GCC UKS

Maldives

Indonesia

Sao Tome and princep

Kiribati

ECB means

Equador

Colombia

Brazil

GCC means

Gabon

DR Congo

Congo

UKS means

Uganda

Kenya

Somalia

🗨️ Talk to your textbooks — from NCERTs to top UPSC books, get insights without flipping a page.

          ❤️ Mark & favorite key topics — revisit tricky concepts easily when   it’s crunch time.

          ⚡ Generate smart flashcards — build your own memory bank as you study.

          🎧 Study on the move — activate voice mode and prep without screen-time while walking, cooking, or commuting.

Download Saval AI app: https://saval.ai/link?s=telegram&m=kun1&c=2&t=playstore

Shifting cultivation

Jhum : India

Chena : Srilanka

Ladang : Malaysia

Tamrai : Thailand

Milpa : South America, Africa

Caingin : Philippines

Humah : Indonesia

Download Saval AI app: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ai.saval.app

Twitter Link: https://x.com/saval_ai

Youtube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjbNDMgWzAQ

Telegram Channel Link: https://t.me/+RbNnX6YhVTxiMDk1

Start revising for this years Pre so that next year your name will also in the final list of upsc CSE candidates.

All the best.

Tips for Prelims

Deficits in economic terms.

1. Budget Deficit = (Capital Expenditure + Revenue Expenditure) - (Capital Receipts + Revenue Receipts)

2. Revenue Deficit = ( Revenue Expenditure - Revenue Receipts)

3. Effective Revenue Deficit = (Revenue Deficit - Grants in aid for creation of capital assets)

4. Fiscal Deficit = (Total expenditure - Total Receipts except borrowing and Other Liabilities)

5. Primary Deficit = ( Fiscal Deficit - Interest Payments )

@upscwithkunal

Last minute revision.

Related to Delhi Sultanate

Diwan i Rasalat - Foreign Affairs Minister

Diwan i Qaza - Judicial Department Minister

Diwan i Insha - Correspondence between official and ruler

Diwan i Arz  - Military Department

Iqta land - land assigned to officials as iqta in lieu of payment for the services.

Khalisa land - land under direct control of Sultan.

Ursh - irrigation tax

Kharaj - land tax

Jiziya - religious tax on non muslim.

Zakat - Religious tax

Khams - tax on war booty




@upscwithkunal

Borrowed features of Indian
Constitution :

Government of India Act of 1935

1. Federal Scheme

2. Office of Governor

3. Judiciary

4. Public Service Commissions

5. Emergency provisions

6. Administrative details

British Constitution

1. Parliamentary government

2. Nominal Head President (who will perform like the Queen)

3. Post of Prime Minister

4. Lower House more powerful

5. Single citizenship

6. Cabinet system

7. Prerogative writs

8. Parliamentary privileges

9. Bicameral Parliament

10. Speaker of Lok Sabha

11. Rule of Law

12. Legislative procedure


Ireland's Constitution

1. Concept of Directive Principles of State Policy (Ireland had borrowed it from Spain)

2. Nomination of members to Rajya Sabhaby the President

3. Method of election of President

Unites States of America's Constitution

1. Written Constitution

2. Impeachment of the President

3. Supreme Court

4. Provision of States

5. Functions of President and Vice-President

6. Removal of Supreme Court and High Court judges

7. Fundamental Rights

8. Judicial review

9. Independence of Judiciary

10. Preamble of the Constitution

South African Constitution

1. Procedure for amendment of the Constitution

2. Election of members of Rajya Sabha

Canada's Constitution

1. Federation with a strong Centre

2. Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre

3. Appointment of state governors by the Centre

4. Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

French Constitution

1. The ideals of Republic in the Preamble

2. The ideals of liberty in the Preamble

3. The ideals of equality in the Preamble

4. The ideals of fraternity in the Preamble

Australia's Constitution

1. Concurrent List

2. Freedom of trade

3. Commerce and intercourse

4. Joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament

5. The language used in the Preamble

Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia)

1. Fundamental duties

2. The ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble

3. Five-Year Plans

Germany's Constitution

1. Suspension of Fundamental Rights during the emergency

Japan's Constitution

1. Concept of "procedure established by Law"

Those UPSC CSE aspirants who are thinking to skip this attempt because of lack of preparation, you may face same problem in next year also.

Think before to skip this attempt and believe in yourself.

#UPSC