What is the main cause of the shocking decline in Europe’s bird populations?
🐦📉🇪🇺 A study, which is considered to be one of the landmark scientific articles in 2023, revealed a shocking decline of 550 million birds across Europe over four decades.
☑️ Overall, bird numbers have fallen by 25%, the figure being almost 60% in the case of farmland bird species.
☑️ The study identifies the spread of intensive monoculture farming, driven by increased pesticide and fertilizer use, as the primary culprit.
☑️ Fertilizers and pesticides leave soil devoid of invertebrates – a vital source of nutrition for many birds, and contaminate seeds, which can eventually kill birds. Monoculture farming also generates homogeneous landscapes that lack plant diversity, offering birds neither refuge nor varied vegetation and fruit to feed on.
☑️ The study also gauged how significant climate change, urbanization and changes in forest cover have been in bird population decline across Europe.
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🐦📉🇪🇺 A study, which is considered to be one of the landmark scientific articles in 2023, revealed a shocking decline of 550 million birds across Europe over four decades.
☑️ Overall, bird numbers have fallen by 25%, the figure being almost 60% in the case of farmland bird species.
☑️ The study identifies the spread of intensive monoculture farming, driven by increased pesticide and fertilizer use, as the primary culprit.
☑️ Fertilizers and pesticides leave soil devoid of invertebrates – a vital source of nutrition for many birds, and contaminate seeds, which can eventually kill birds. Monoculture farming also generates homogeneous landscapes that lack plant diversity, offering birds neither refuge nor varied vegetation and fruit to feed on.
☑️ The study also gauged how significant climate change, urbanization and changes in forest cover have been in bird population decline across Europe.
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How much does the human’s immune system weigh?
📌 An average individual’s immune system consists of approximately 1.8 trillion cells, a new research has found.
📌 In a 73-kilogram man in his 20s, those immune cells collectively weigh about 1.2 kilograms or 2.6 pounds – which is about the same as one pineapple, or six hamsters.
📌 A female adult weighing 60 kilograms would probably have around 1.5 trillion immune cells, adding to a total of 1 kilogram. A child aged 10 years would have slightly fewer again: 1 trillion immune cells, weighing 600 grams.
ℹ️ Lymphocytes make up 40% of the total number of immune cells and 15% of their mass. Similarly, neutrophils account for comparable proportions. Notably, macrophages constitute 10% of immune cells but contribute nearly 50% of the total cellular mass due to their large size.
✍️ This knowledge gives an integrative quantitative view of the immune system and facilitates the development of models.
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📌 An average individual’s immune system consists of approximately 1.8 trillion cells, a new research has found.
📌 In a 73-kilogram man in his 20s, those immune cells collectively weigh about 1.2 kilograms or 2.6 pounds – which is about the same as one pineapple, or six hamsters.
📌 A female adult weighing 60 kilograms would probably have around 1.5 trillion immune cells, adding to a total of 1 kilogram. A child aged 10 years would have slightly fewer again: 1 trillion immune cells, weighing 600 grams.
ℹ️ Lymphocytes make up 40% of the total number of immune cells and 15% of their mass. Similarly, neutrophils account for comparable proportions. Notably, macrophages constitute 10% of immune cells but contribute nearly 50% of the total cellular mass due to their large size.
✍️ This knowledge gives an integrative quantitative view of the immune system and facilitates the development of models.
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What is emotion?
Emotion is a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior.
These complex psychological states involve 3️⃣ distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response ⬆️.
Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological phenomena, including temperament, personality, mood, and motivation.
Emotions can be categorized based on whether they are primary or secondary.
🔸 Primary emotions are the emotions that humans experience universally. There are different theories as to what these specific emotions are, but they often include happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise ⬆️.
🔸 Secondary emotions stem from—and are variations of—primary emotions. Sometimes, we have secondary emotions in response to our primary emotions (i.e., "I'm frustrated that I'm so sad"). Secondary emotions may include frustration, pride, envy, and jealousy.
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Emotion is a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior.
These complex psychological states involve 3️⃣ distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response ⬆️.
Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological phenomena, including temperament, personality, mood, and motivation.
Emotions can be categorized based on whether they are primary or secondary.
🔸 Primary emotions are the emotions that humans experience universally. There are different theories as to what these specific emotions are, but they often include happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise ⬆️.
🔸 Secondary emotions stem from—and are variations of—primary emotions. Sometimes, we have secondary emotions in response to our primary emotions (i.e., "I'm frustrated that I'm so sad"). Secondary emotions may include frustration, pride, envy, and jealousy.
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What is emotion? Emotion is a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior. These complex psychological states involve 3️⃣ distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response…
How are universal emotions described?
During the 1970s, psychologist Paul Eckman (1934-) identified 6️⃣ basic emotions that he suggested were universally experienced in all human cultures.
Happiness
tends to be the one that people strive for the most and is often defined as a pleasant emotional state that is characterized by feelings of contentment, joy, gratification, satisfaction, and well-being. It is often expressed by smiling or speaking in an upbeat tone of voice and a relaxed stance. The realities of what actually contributes to happiness can be complex and highly individualized.
Sadness
is often defined as a transient emotional state characterized by feelings of disappointment, grief, hopelessness, disinterest, and dampened mood. It can be expressed by crying, dampened mood, lethargy, quietness, withdrawal from others.
Fear
is a powerful emotion that can also play an important role in survival. It can increase heart rate, cause racing thoughts, or trigger the fight-or-flight response. It can be a reaction to actual or perceived threats. Some people enjoy the adrenaline rush that accompanies fear in the form of watching scary movies, riding roller coasters, or skydiving. Some people may be more sensitive to fear and certain situations or objects may be more likely to trigger this emotion.
ℹ️ The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, refers to the physiological reaction that occurs when in the presence of something mentally or physically terrifying. This response is triggered by the release of hormones that prepare your body to either stay and deal with a threat or to run away to safety.
Disgust
can be triggered by a physical experience, such as seeing or smelling rotting food, blood, or poor hygiene. Moral disgust may occur when someone sees another person doing something they find immoral or distasteful.
Anger
can be characterized by feelings of hostility, agitation, frustration, and antagonism towards others. It can be expressed with facial expressions like frowning, yelling, or violent behavior. Like fear, anger can play a part in your body's fight or flight response.
Surprise
is usually quite brief and is characterized by a physiological startle response following something unexpected. This type of emotion can be positive, negative, or neutral. Surprise is another type of emotion that can trigger the fight or flight response.
✍️ Eckman later added a number of other emotions to his list but suggested that unlike his original six emotions, not all of these could necessarily be encoded through facial expressions. Some of the emotions he later identified included:
Amusement
Contempt
Contentment
Embarrassment
Excitement
Guilt
Pride in achievement
Relief
Satisfaction
Shame
❗️ In everyday language, people often use the terms emotions, feelings, and moods interchangeably, but they actually mean different things.
📌 Emotions are reactions to stimuli, but feelings are what we experience as a result of emotions.
📌 An emotion is normally quite short-lived, but intense.
📌 Emotions are also likely to have a definite and identifiable cause.
📌 Feelings are influenced by our perception of the situation, which is why the same emotion can trigger different feelings among people experiencing it.
📌 A mood can be described as a temporary emotional state.
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During the 1970s, psychologist Paul Eckman (1934-) identified 6️⃣ basic emotions that he suggested were universally experienced in all human cultures.
Happiness
tends to be the one that people strive for the most and is often defined as a pleasant emotional state that is characterized by feelings of contentment, joy, gratification, satisfaction, and well-being. It is often expressed by smiling or speaking in an upbeat tone of voice and a relaxed stance. The realities of what actually contributes to happiness can be complex and highly individualized.
Sadness
is often defined as a transient emotional state characterized by feelings of disappointment, grief, hopelessness, disinterest, and dampened mood. It can be expressed by crying, dampened mood, lethargy, quietness, withdrawal from others.
Fear
is a powerful emotion that can also play an important role in survival. It can increase heart rate, cause racing thoughts, or trigger the fight-or-flight response. It can be a reaction to actual or perceived threats. Some people enjoy the adrenaline rush that accompanies fear in the form of watching scary movies, riding roller coasters, or skydiving. Some people may be more sensitive to fear and certain situations or objects may be more likely to trigger this emotion.
ℹ️ The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, refers to the physiological reaction that occurs when in the presence of something mentally or physically terrifying. This response is triggered by the release of hormones that prepare your body to either stay and deal with a threat or to run away to safety.
Disgust
can be triggered by a physical experience, such as seeing or smelling rotting food, blood, or poor hygiene. Moral disgust may occur when someone sees another person doing something they find immoral or distasteful.
Anger
can be characterized by feelings of hostility, agitation, frustration, and antagonism towards others. It can be expressed with facial expressions like frowning, yelling, or violent behavior. Like fear, anger can play a part in your body's fight or flight response.
Surprise
is usually quite brief and is characterized by a physiological startle response following something unexpected. This type of emotion can be positive, negative, or neutral. Surprise is another type of emotion that can trigger the fight or flight response.
✍️ Eckman later added a number of other emotions to his list but suggested that unlike his original six emotions, not all of these could necessarily be encoded through facial expressions. Some of the emotions he later identified included:
Amusement
Contempt
Contentment
Embarrassment
Excitement
Guilt
Pride in achievement
Relief
Satisfaction
Shame
❗️ In everyday language, people often use the terms emotions, feelings, and moods interchangeably, but they actually mean different things.
📌 Emotions are reactions to stimuli, but feelings are what we experience as a result of emotions.
📌 An emotion is normally quite short-lived, but intense.
📌 Emotions are also likely to have a definite and identifiable cause.
📌 Feelings are influenced by our perception of the situation, which is why the same emotion can trigger different feelings among people experiencing it.
📌 A mood can be described as a temporary emotional state.
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What are the major theories of emotion?
The major theories of emotion can be grouped into 3️⃣ categories:
♦️Physiological theories: responses within the body are responsible for emotions.
♦️Neurological theories: activity within the brain leads to emotional responses.
♦️Cognitive theories: thoughts and other mental activities play an essential role in forming emotions.
Scientists also proposed 6️⃣ main theories of emotion:
🔺Evolutionary/Darwin theory: emotions exist because they serve an adaptive role.
🔺The James-Lange theory: physical responses are responsible for emotion.
🔺The Cannon-Bard theory: people experience emotional and physiological responses at the same time, with each response acting independently.
🔺The Schachter-Singer theory: thoughts are responsible for emotions.
🔺The cognitive appraisal/Lazarus theory: brain first appraises a situation, and the resulting response is an emotion.
🔺The facial-feedback theory: emotions are directly tied to facial muscles.
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The major theories of emotion can be grouped into 3️⃣ categories:
♦️Physiological theories: responses within the body are responsible for emotions.
♦️Neurological theories: activity within the brain leads to emotional responses.
♦️Cognitive theories: thoughts and other mental activities play an essential role in forming emotions.
Scientists also proposed 6️⃣ main theories of emotion:
🔺Evolutionary/Darwin theory: emotions exist because they serve an adaptive role.
🔺The James-Lange theory: physical responses are responsible for emotion.
🔺The Cannon-Bard theory: people experience emotional and physiological responses at the same time, with each response acting independently.
🔺The Schachter-Singer theory: thoughts are responsible for emotions.
🔺The cognitive appraisal/Lazarus theory: brain first appraises a situation, and the resulting response is an emotion.
🔺The facial-feedback theory: emotions are directly tied to facial muscles.
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What emotion can lead to better results when tackling tricky tasks?
😡 While often perceived as a negative emotion, anger can also be a powerful motivator for people to achieve challenging goals in their lives, according to a research.
😡 To better understand the role of anger in achieving goals, scientists conducted a series of experiments involving more than 1,000 participants and analyzed survey data from more than 1,400 respondents.
😡 Across all the experiments, anger improved people's ability to reach their goals compared with a neutral condition in a variety of challenging situations.
😡 These findings demonstrate that anger increases effort toward attaining a desired goal, frequently resulting in greater success.
✍️ Overall, the results suggest that:
✔️ emotions that are often considered negative (such as anger) can be useful and particularly effective in some situations
✔️ a mix of positive and negative emotions promotes well-being.
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😡 While often perceived as a negative emotion, anger can also be a powerful motivator for people to achieve challenging goals in their lives, according to a research.
😡 To better understand the role of anger in achieving goals, scientists conducted a series of experiments involving more than 1,000 participants and analyzed survey data from more than 1,400 respondents.
😡 Across all the experiments, anger improved people's ability to reach their goals compared with a neutral condition in a variety of challenging situations.
😡 These findings demonstrate that anger increases effort toward attaining a desired goal, frequently resulting in greater success.
✍️ Overall, the results suggest that:
✔️ emotions that are often considered negative (such as anger) can be useful and particularly effective in some situations
✔️ a mix of positive and negative emotions promotes well-being.
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How and why do fireflies light up?
🔅 One must have watched fireflies glowing in summer dusks and nights.
🔅 It is bioluminescence that causes them to flash every 5.5 seconds approximately.
ℹ️ Bioluminescence is light produced by a chemical reaction within a living organism. It is a "cold light" – less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation, or heat.
🔅 Fireflies have an organic compound luciferin in their abdomen. It reacts with oxygen, calcium, and adenosine triphosphate in the presence of the enzyme luciferase to produce light. The oxygen enters their body through the trachea, a complex network of fine tubes, as they don’t have lungs. When oxygen is available the fireflies glow, and extinguish when no oxygen can be spared.
🟡 The bioluminescent color, yellow in fireflies, is a result of the arrangement of luciferin molecules.
🔅 Fireflies’ lighting up serves the following purposes:
✳️ Warding off possible predators.
✳️ Attracting mates.
✳️ Attracting prey.
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🔅 One must have watched fireflies glowing in summer dusks and nights.
🔅 It is bioluminescence that causes them to flash every 5.5 seconds approximately.
ℹ️ Bioluminescence is light produced by a chemical reaction within a living organism. It is a "cold light" – less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation, or heat.
🔅 Fireflies have an organic compound luciferin in their abdomen. It reacts with oxygen, calcium, and adenosine triphosphate in the presence of the enzyme luciferase to produce light. The oxygen enters their body through the trachea, a complex network of fine tubes, as they don’t have lungs. When oxygen is available the fireflies glow, and extinguish when no oxygen can be spared.
🟡 The bioluminescent color, yellow in fireflies, is a result of the arrangement of luciferin molecules.
🔅 Fireflies’ lighting up serves the following purposes:
✳️ Warding off possible predators.
✳️ Attracting mates.
✳️ Attracting prey.
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Where are most bioluminescent organisms found?
🌊 Although a lot of people know about fireflies, not everyone is aware that most bioluminescent organisms are found not on land but in the ocean. These bioluminescent marine species include fish, bacteria, and jellies ⬆️.
🔵🟢Most marine bioluminescence is expressed in the blue-green part of the visible light spectrum. Also, most marine organisms are sensitive only to blue-green colors, being physically unable to process yellow, red, or violet colors.
🔆 Sometimes, rare bioluminescent dinoflagellate ecosystems are illuminating warm-water lagoons at night ⬆️.
ℹ️ There are almost no bioluminescent organisms in freshwater habitats, and most scientists point to 2️⃣ reasons for that:
🔹freshwater habitats have not been around as long as marine habitats and, in terms of evolution, they do not yet have the biodiversity of oceans
🔹freshwater habitats are often murkier, and deepwater species use other adaptations to live in this environment
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🌊 Although a lot of people know about fireflies, not everyone is aware that most bioluminescent organisms are found not on land but in the ocean. These bioluminescent marine species include fish, bacteria, and jellies ⬆️.
🔵🟢Most marine bioluminescence is expressed in the blue-green part of the visible light spectrum. Also, most marine organisms are sensitive only to blue-green colors, being physically unable to process yellow, red, or violet colors.
🔆 Sometimes, rare bioluminescent dinoflagellate ecosystems are illuminating warm-water lagoons at night ⬆️.
ℹ️ There are almost no bioluminescent organisms in freshwater habitats, and most scientists point to 2️⃣ reasons for that:
🔹freshwater habitats have not been around as long as marine habitats and, in terms of evolution, they do not yet have the biodiversity of oceans
🔹freshwater habitats are often murkier, and deepwater species use other adaptations to live in this environment
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How bioluminescence can help humanity?
🧑🏻🔬👨🏻🔬🔬 Scientists are studying the chemicals and circumstances involved in bioluminescence to understand how people can use the process to make human’s life safer.
🧬 Green fluorescent protein (GFP), found in some bioluminescent jellies, is a valuable "reporter gene" – a chemical (a gene) that biologists attach to other genes they are studying. GFP reporter genes are easily identified and measured, usually by their fluorescence. This allows scientists to trace and monitor the activity of the studied gene—its expression in a cell, or its interaction with other chemicals.
🐁 Look at these mice bred by researchers with GFP ⬆️.
🌳🔆 Bioluminescent trees could help light city streets and highways. This would reduce the need for electricity.
🌾🔆 Bioluminescent crops and other plants could luminesce when they needed water or other nutrients, or when they were ready to be harvested. This would reduce costs for farmers.
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🧑🏻🔬👨🏻🔬🔬 Scientists are studying the chemicals and circumstances involved in bioluminescence to understand how people can use the process to make human’s life safer.
🧬 Green fluorescent protein (GFP), found in some bioluminescent jellies, is a valuable "reporter gene" – a chemical (a gene) that biologists attach to other genes they are studying. GFP reporter genes are easily identified and measured, usually by their fluorescence. This allows scientists to trace and monitor the activity of the studied gene—its expression in a cell, or its interaction with other chemicals.
🐁 Look at these mice bred by researchers with GFP ⬆️.
🌳🔆 Bioluminescent trees could help light city streets and highways. This would reduce the need for electricity.
🌾🔆 Bioluminescent crops and other plants could luminesce when they needed water or other nutrients, or when they were ready to be harvested. This would reduce costs for farmers.
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Why is May 7 important for the development of radio?
🔘At the end of the 19th century, several scientists went head-to-head in the race to invent the radio.
🔘Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) is largely known as the ”father” of radio, but other researchers were ahead of him here. Serbian American scientist Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) has many proponents as the inventor of radio, while in England the credit is given to Oliver Lodge (1851-1940), who, according to some sources, in 1894 invented his model of radio waves receiver.
📻🇷🇺But if you ask anyone in Russia who invented radio, the answer will be: Alexander Popov ⬆️
On May 7, 1895 (this would be after Lodge but before Tesla and Marconi), Popov demonstrated a radio receiver ⬆️ to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.
Today, in St. Petersburg, there is the A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications.
Since 1945, every 7 May Russia celebrates Radio Day.
ℹ️World Radio Day is marked annually on February 13.
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🔘At the end of the 19th century, several scientists went head-to-head in the race to invent the radio.
🔘Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) is largely known as the ”father” of radio, but other researchers were ahead of him here. Serbian American scientist Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) has many proponents as the inventor of radio, while in England the credit is given to Oliver Lodge (1851-1940), who, according to some sources, in 1894 invented his model of radio waves receiver.
📻🇷🇺But if you ask anyone in Russia who invented radio, the answer will be: Alexander Popov ⬆️
On May 7, 1895 (this would be after Lodge but before Tesla and Marconi), Popov demonstrated a radio receiver ⬆️ to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.
Today, in St. Petersburg, there is the A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications.
Since 1945, every 7 May Russia celebrates Radio Day.
ℹ️World Radio Day is marked annually on February 13.
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