🔥🔥Notes on Environmental Chemistry🔥🔥
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💝Components of Environment:
🤷Atmosphere: This comprises a blanket of gaseous layer around earth.
🤷Hydrosphere: This comprises about 96% of earth’s surface & includes all sources of water like oceans rivers lakes, glaciers, ground water etc.
🤷Lithosphere: It refers to earth’s solid crust containing the outer mineral cover. It comprises soil, minerals, organic matter etc.
🤷 Biosphere: It refers to the domain of living organism in covalent with atmosphere hydrosphere as well as lithosphere.
💝Environmental Pollution :
Process of contamination of the environment with harmful wastes arising mainly from human activities.
🤷Pollutant: Any substance or species produced either by a natural source or by human activity, which produces adverse effect on the environment.
🤷Contaminant: A substance which does not occurs in nature but is introduced by human activity into the atmosphere affecting its composition.
🤷Source: The site from which the pollution or contaminants originate.
🤷Sink: The material or medium which consumes or interacts with a long lived pollutant is called sink.
🤷Receptor : Anything that is affected by the pollutants.
🤷Threshold limit value (TLV) : This indicates the permissible limit of a pollutant in atmosphere to which a healthy worker is exposed during hours a day or 40 hours a week for life time without any adverse effects. TLV are determined by experimentation on animals, by use of medical knowledge, epidemiology surveys & environmental studies.
💕💕Tropospheric pollution or Air pollution:
It is the atmosphere condition in which the presence of certain concentration produce harmful effects on man and his environment. These substances include:
(i) Gases such as oxides of sulphur, CO, oxide of N2 and hydrocarbons
(ii) Particulate matter such as dust, smoke, fumes etc.
(iii) Radioactive material & many others.
🤷Primary pollutants : These are the pollutants which are emitted directly from the sources. Some examples are:
🤷Particulate Matter : Such as ash, smoke, dust, fumes etc.
🤷Inorganic gases : Such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide etc.
💝💝Particulate matter:
🤷Soot: produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fossils fuels such as coal, fuel oil, natural gas, wood etc in insufficient supply of oxygen.
🤷Metal particles: These are released by various metal finishing operation. The micro particles of toxic metal & SO2 gas present in the polluted atmosphere get absorbed on the particles rendering them highly toxic.
🤷Metal oxides : They are generated by combustion of fuels containing metallic compounds.
🤷Lead salts: Their source is lead tetraethyl (Pb(C2H5)4) which is added to gasoline to improve its antiknock property. In order to avoid deposition of PbO suitable amounts of C2H4Cl2 & C2H4Br2 are added to gasoline along with Pb(C2H5)4.
🤷Fly ash: It originates from the combustion of high ash fossil. It contains partially burnt particles of the fuels.
🤷Asbestos dust: It originates from industrial units manufacturing asbestos sheets, gaskets ropes etc. Asbestos flowing & asbestos insulations also contribute towards asbestos dust in the atmosphere.
🤷Solid Hydrocarbons: These are emitted from petroleum refineries & comprise of paraffins, olefins & aromatics.
🤷Dust Particulates: Originate from natural, domestic, industrial or agricultural sources. These are thrown into atmosphere by volcanic eruptions, blowing of dust by wind, mining operations etc.
🤷Acid mist :
Sulphuric acid mist is produced when SO3 present in the atmosphere comes in contact with moisture. Nitric acid mist is produced when oxides of nitrogen, viz, NO & NO2, undergo the series of reactions in the atmosphere.
©™✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
💝Components of Environment:
🤷Atmosphere: This comprises a blanket of gaseous layer around earth.
🤷Hydrosphere: This comprises about 96% of earth’s surface & includes all sources of water like oceans rivers lakes, glaciers, ground water etc.
🤷Lithosphere: It refers to earth’s solid crust containing the outer mineral cover. It comprises soil, minerals, organic matter etc.
🤷 Biosphere: It refers to the domain of living organism in covalent with atmosphere hydrosphere as well as lithosphere.
💝Environmental Pollution :
Process of contamination of the environment with harmful wastes arising mainly from human activities.
🤷Pollutant: Any substance or species produced either by a natural source or by human activity, which produces adverse effect on the environment.
🤷Contaminant: A substance which does not occurs in nature but is introduced by human activity into the atmosphere affecting its composition.
🤷Source: The site from which the pollution or contaminants originate.
🤷Sink: The material or medium which consumes or interacts with a long lived pollutant is called sink.
🤷Receptor : Anything that is affected by the pollutants.
🤷Threshold limit value (TLV) : This indicates the permissible limit of a pollutant in atmosphere to which a healthy worker is exposed during hours a day or 40 hours a week for life time without any adverse effects. TLV are determined by experimentation on animals, by use of medical knowledge, epidemiology surveys & environmental studies.
💕💕Tropospheric pollution or Air pollution:
It is the atmosphere condition in which the presence of certain concentration produce harmful effects on man and his environment. These substances include:
(i) Gases such as oxides of sulphur, CO, oxide of N2 and hydrocarbons
(ii) Particulate matter such as dust, smoke, fumes etc.
(iii) Radioactive material & many others.
🤷Primary pollutants : These are the pollutants which are emitted directly from the sources. Some examples are:
🤷Particulate Matter : Such as ash, smoke, dust, fumes etc.
🤷Inorganic gases : Such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide etc.
💝💝Particulate matter:
🤷Soot: produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fossils fuels such as coal, fuel oil, natural gas, wood etc in insufficient supply of oxygen.
🤷Metal particles: These are released by various metal finishing operation. The micro particles of toxic metal & SO2 gas present in the polluted atmosphere get absorbed on the particles rendering them highly toxic.
🤷Metal oxides : They are generated by combustion of fuels containing metallic compounds.
🤷Lead salts: Their source is lead tetraethyl (Pb(C2H5)4) which is added to gasoline to improve its antiknock property. In order to avoid deposition of PbO suitable amounts of C2H4Cl2 & C2H4Br2 are added to gasoline along with Pb(C2H5)4.
🤷Fly ash: It originates from the combustion of high ash fossil. It contains partially burnt particles of the fuels.
🤷Asbestos dust: It originates from industrial units manufacturing asbestos sheets, gaskets ropes etc. Asbestos flowing & asbestos insulations also contribute towards asbestos dust in the atmosphere.
🤷Solid Hydrocarbons: These are emitted from petroleum refineries & comprise of paraffins, olefins & aromatics.
🤷Dust Particulates: Originate from natural, domestic, industrial or agricultural sources. These are thrown into atmosphere by volcanic eruptions, blowing of dust by wind, mining operations etc.
🤷Acid mist :
Sulphuric acid mist is produced when SO3 present in the atmosphere comes in contact with moisture. Nitric acid mist is produced when oxides of nitrogen, viz, NO & NO2, undergo the series of reactions in the atmosphere.
✅Chemical Control and Coordination✅
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(ii) Evidences from Comparative Anatomy: In all the living animals, the basic substance of life is Protoplasm. If the species had been created separately, then there should be no relationship in the various organs and systems of animals. But on the contrary, we see that large number of animals although unlike in appearance show most of the systems and organs made on the same plan. The resemblance is very close in the members of the same group.
(iii) Evidences from Physiology: Various types of chemical tests exhibit many basic similarities in physiological and chemical properties that show a physiological relationship among animals.
(iv) Evidences from Serology: This is a method by which the reactions of blood serum are observed. From the blood are also extracted the crystals of Oxyhaemoglobin. The structure differs in different vertebrates, but in a definite order. The reaction is nearly identical in man and anthropoid monkeys, but slightly less identical with other mammals.
(v) Evidences from Embryology: With the exception of a few, every multi-cellular animal originates from a zygote. The development from zygote to adult shows many similarities in various organisms. The development is termed as ontogeny
(vi) Evidences from Palaeontology: The study of fossils and their interpretation forms one of the great evidences of evolution. An Italian scientist, Leonardo da Vinci, was the first person to recognize their importance and said they were either remains of organisms of their impressions on some sort of clay or rock.
(vii) Evidences from geographic distribution: If the study of horizontal distribution of animals on the face of this earth is made, it would be seen that animals are not evenly distributed. Two identical places with the same climate and vegetation may not have same sort of animal fauna
(viii) Evidences from Genetics: Johan Gregor Mendel in 1866 published his work on experimental breeding. He bred two individuals differing in certain well-defined characters, and observed the ratio in which various contrasting parental characters appeared in successive generations.
(iii) Evidences from Physiology: Various types of chemical tests exhibit many basic similarities in physiological and chemical properties that show a physiological relationship among animals.
(iv) Evidences from Serology: This is a method by which the reactions of blood serum are observed. From the blood are also extracted the crystals of Oxyhaemoglobin. The structure differs in different vertebrates, but in a definite order. The reaction is nearly identical in man and anthropoid monkeys, but slightly less identical with other mammals.
(v) Evidences from Embryology: With the exception of a few, every multi-cellular animal originates from a zygote. The development from zygote to adult shows many similarities in various organisms. The development is termed as ontogeny
(vi) Evidences from Palaeontology: The study of fossils and their interpretation forms one of the great evidences of evolution. An Italian scientist, Leonardo da Vinci, was the first person to recognize their importance and said they were either remains of organisms of their impressions on some sort of clay or rock.
(vii) Evidences from geographic distribution: If the study of horizontal distribution of animals on the face of this earth is made, it would be seen that animals are not evenly distributed. Two identical places with the same climate and vegetation may not have same sort of animal fauna
(viii) Evidences from Genetics: Johan Gregor Mendel in 1866 published his work on experimental breeding. He bred two individuals differing in certain well-defined characters, and observed the ratio in which various contrasting parental characters appeared in successive generations.
🔅 Introduction to Indian Judiciary
✅ The judiciary is that branch of the government that interprets the law, settles disputes and administers justice to all citizens. The judiciary is considered the watchdog of democracy, and also the guardian of the Constitution. For democracy to function effectively, it is imperative to have an impartial and independent judiciary.
♻️ Independent Indian Judiciary
✅ It means that the other branches of the government, namely, the executive and the legislature, does not interfere with the judiciary’s functioning.
✅ The judiciary’s decision is respected and not interfered with by the other organs.
✅ It also means that judges can perform their duties without fear or favour.
✅ Independence of the judiciary also does not mean that the judiciary functions arbitrarily and without any accountability. It is accountable to the Constitution of the country.
♻️ How Indian Judiciary is granted its independence?
✅ The Constitution provides for a number of provisions that ensure that the independence of the judiciary is maintained and protected.
✅ India has a single integrated judicial system. The judiciary in India has a pyramidal structure with the Supreme Court (SC) at the top. High Courts are below the SC, and below them are the district and subordinate courts. The lower courts function under the direct superintendence of the higher courts.
🌅 The diagram below the article gives the structure and organisation of the judicial system in the country.
✅ There are also two branches of the legal system, which are:
🔸 Criminal Law: These deal with the committing of a crime by any citizen/entity. A criminal case starts when the local police file a crime report. The court finally decides on the matter.
🔸 Civil Law: These deal with disputes over the violation of the Fundamental Rights of a citizen.
✅ Supreme Court has three types of jurisdictions. They are original, appellate and advisory.
✅ The judiciary is that branch of the government that interprets the law, settles disputes and administers justice to all citizens. The judiciary is considered the watchdog of democracy, and also the guardian of the Constitution. For democracy to function effectively, it is imperative to have an impartial and independent judiciary.
♻️ Independent Indian Judiciary
✅ It means that the other branches of the government, namely, the executive and the legislature, does not interfere with the judiciary’s functioning.
✅ The judiciary’s decision is respected and not interfered with by the other organs.
✅ It also means that judges can perform their duties without fear or favour.
✅ Independence of the judiciary also does not mean that the judiciary functions arbitrarily and without any accountability. It is accountable to the Constitution of the country.
♻️ How Indian Judiciary is granted its independence?
✅ The Constitution provides for a number of provisions that ensure that the independence of the judiciary is maintained and protected.
✅ India has a single integrated judicial system. The judiciary in India has a pyramidal structure with the Supreme Court (SC) at the top. High Courts are below the SC, and below them are the district and subordinate courts. The lower courts function under the direct superintendence of the higher courts.
🌅 The diagram below the article gives the structure and organisation of the judicial system in the country.
✅ There are also two branches of the legal system, which are:
🔸 Criminal Law: These deal with the committing of a crime by any citizen/entity. A criminal case starts when the local police file a crime report. The court finally decides on the matter.
🔸 Civil Law: These deal with disputes over the violation of the Fundamental Rights of a citizen.
✅ Supreme Court has three types of jurisdictions. They are original, appellate and advisory.