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🔆 Rare Records of the Revolt of 1857 Unearthed

📍 Why in News?
✅ The Madhya Pradesh Archaeology Department has unearthed rare historical records related to the Revolt of 1857

📍 Key Discoveries
✅ A historical map, a painting of the Queen of Jhansi and a 1857 letter signed by Tatya Tope

📍 Significance of Tatya Tope’s Letter
✅ Indicates that the Revolt of 1857 involved planning and consultation and was not entirely spontaneous
✅ Helps trace Tatya Tope’s movements across central India, including Betul, Garhakota, Gwalior, Jhansi and Shivpuri, during the period surrounding the uprising

📍 Gyan Bharatam Mission
✅ The discovered collection forms part of India’s Gyan Bharatam Mission
✅ The records provide valuable primary-source material for understanding the planning, networks and geographical spread of the Revolt of 1857

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22nd July editorial summary

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 22 JULY 2026

🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE

📍 Rare Records of 1857 Revolt Unearthed
✅ Discovered by Madhya Pradesh Archaeology Department
✅ Findings include a map, painting of Rani of Jhansi and an 1857 letter signed by Tatya Tope
✅ Letter indicates elements of planning and consultation behind the 1857 uprising
✅ Traces Tatya Tope’s movements across Betul, Gadakota, Gwalior, Jhansi and Shivpuri
✅ Collection forms part of India’s Gyan Bharatam Mission

📍 Santhali Film ‘Angen’ Wins National Award
✅ Angen (Invisible) won Best Debut Film of a Director in the non-feature category at the 72nd National Film Awards
✅ Directed by Ravi Raj Murmu
✅ First Santhali-language film to receive the honour
✅ Santhali included in the Eighth Schedule through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003
✅ Constitution of India recently translated officially into Santhali using Ol Chiki script
✅ Ol Chiki was created by Pandit Raghunath Murmu

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 5th BRICS Meeting on Geospatial Technologies
✅ Held at IIT Tirupati’s Yerpedu Campus, Andhra Pradesh
✅ Hosted by IIT Tirupati with Navavishkar I-Hub Foundation
✅ Theme: “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability”
✅ Focus on Geospatial Technologies and their Applications
✅ Aims to strengthen cooperation in advanced geospatial technologies

📍 President’s Historic Visit to Moldova & North Macedonia
✅ Marks the first-ever visit by an Indian President to both countries
✅ North Macedonia is a landlocked Balkan country and NATO member
✅ North Macedonia is an official candidate for European Union membership
✅ Capital: Skopje
✅ Moldova is a landlocked Eastern European country between Romania and Ukraine
✅ Capital: Chisinau

📍 Bassirou Faye Elected ECOWAS Chairman
✅ Senegal President Bassirou Faye elected Chairman of ECOWAS
✅ Succeeds Julius Maada Bio of Sierra Leone
✅ ECOWAS established in 1975
✅ Headquarters: Abuja, Nigeria
✅ Regional bloc currently comprises 12 member states
✅ Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso withdrew in January 2025 to form the Alliance of Sahel States

📍 8th BRICS Heads of Prosecution Services Meeting
✅ Virtually hosted by India
✅ Organised by Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law & Justice
✅ Presided over by the Attorney General for India
✅ Theme: “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability”
✅ Focus on criminal adjudication, digitalisation, AI and capacity building

🔆 AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

📍 India Wins 4 Medals at International Biology Olympiad 2026
✅ 37th International Biology Olympiad (IBO) held in Vilnius, Lithuania
✅ Participants represented 78 countries
✅ India won 1 Gold and 3 Silver medals
✅ Gold: Bhavyaa Gunwal (Haryana)
✅ Silver: Soumil Maity, Nishit Kalani and Anmol Kumar
✅ 38th IBO 2027 to be hosted in Warsaw, Poland

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 National Coal Gasification Mission Targets 100 MT by 2030
✅ Mission implemented under the Ministry of Coal
✅ Target: 100 million tonnes (MT) of coal gasification capacity by 2030
✅ Around 22.6 MTPA capacity operational or under implementation
✅ ₹8,500 crore Financial Incentive Scheme supports 8 projects
✅ Additional scheme approved for surface coal and lignite gasification projects
✅ Promotes production of coal-to-chemicals, methanol and Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG)
✅ Coal gasification converts coal into syngas using controlled steam and oxygen

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 Earth’s Second-Oldest Orbicular Rock Discovered in Madhya Pradesh
✅ Discovered at Kutawali village, Shivpuri district
✅ Estimated age: around 2.56 billion years
✅ Rare orbicular granite contains concentric layers of quartz, mica and feldspar
✅ Provides insights into Earth’s Neoarchean magmatic and tectonic history
✅ Age determined through U-Pb zircon dating
✅ Some rock fragments reportedly date back around 3.5 billion years

🔆 RANKS & REPORTS

📍 Global Terrorism Index 2026
✅ Published annually by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP)
✅ Covers 163 countries, representing around 99.7% of the global population
✅ Pakistan ranked the country most impacted by terrorism

✅ India ranked 13th
✅ Top 5: Pakistan, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria and Mali
✅ 81 countries recorded improvements
✅ Global epicentre of terrorism has shifted towards the Central Sahel
✅ Islamic State (IS) and its affiliates remain the deadliest terrorist organisation globally
✅ IEP also publishes the Global Peace Index (GPI)

#CurrentAffairs

22nd July UPSC current affairs

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Q. The expansion of the UN Security Council is not just about correcting historical injustices, but about ensuring its operational credibility in a multi-polar world. Critically analyse India's claim for a permanent seat and the structural challenges of the reform process.

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🔆 Geopolitics in the South China Sea

📍 Why in Focus?
✅ The 10th anniversary of the 2016 South China Sea Arbitral Award has renewed focus on China’s expansive maritime claims and the future of the rules-based Indo-Pacific order

📍 2016 Arbitral Award
✅ The Philippines initiated arbitration under UNCLOS in 2013
✅ The tribunal held that China’s claims to historic rights within the Nine-Dash Line had no legal basis under UNCLOS
✅ It found that Chinese land reclamation had caused serious damage to the marine environment
✅ China rejected the award and continues to favour bilateral negotiations with claimant states

📍 Why is the South China Sea Important?
✅ Strategic: Critical maritime space connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans
✅ Economic: A major route for global maritime trade and international supply chains
✅ Resources: Contains significant hydrocarbon resources and rich fishing grounds
✅ Security: Growing militarisation and submarine operations have increased its strategic importance
✅ Legal: Disputes test the credibility of UNCLOS and international dispute-settlement mechanisms

📍 Implications for India
✅ A significant share of India’s maritime trade traverses the wider South China Sea–Malacca Strait corridor
✅ Stability in the region is crucial for India’s Act East Policy and engagement with ASEAN
✅ Growing Chinese naval capabilities can facilitate greater deployments into the Indian Ocean Region
✅ India supports freedom of navigation, unimpeded lawful commerce and peaceful dispute resolution under international law
✅ Defence cooperation with countries such as the Philippines and Vietnam strengthens India’s regional strategic engagement

📍 Way Forward for India
✅ Strengthen Maritime Domain Awareness through regional and Quad partnerships
✅ Enhance defence capacity-building and maritime cooperation with ASEAN countries
✅ Upgrade strategic infrastructure in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
✅ Support ASEAN centrality and an effective South China Sea Code of Conduct consistent with international law
✅ Maintain strategic balance by combining deterrence, diplomacy and adherence to UNCLOS

📍 Mains Question
✅ While the South China Sea holds strategic importance for India, navigating complex geopolitical dynamics and managing challenges posed by Chinese assertiveness require a careful and nuanced approach. Elaborate. (250 Words)

#InternationalRelations #mains

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🔆 Borophene-Based Green Lubricant

📍 Why in News?
✅ Scientists from the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati have demonstrated the use of borophene as a high-performance lubricant additive in castor oil

📍 About Borophene
✅ A two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial consisting of a single atomic layer of boron atoms
✅ Key properties include high mechanical strength, excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, chemical stability and superior load-bearing capability

📍 The Innovation
✅ Researchers incorporated just 0.1 wt.% borophene into castor oil
✅ The nano-additive significantly improved lubrication performance without requiring chemical modification of the oil
✅ During operation, borophene forms a protective tribofilm containing iron oxides, carbonaceous compounds and boron-based compounds

📍 Key Advantages
✅ Energy efficiency: Reduces friction-related energy losses and improves machinery efficiency
✅ Sustainability: Uses renewable and biodegradable castor oil, reducing dependence on petroleum-based lubricants
✅ Equipment protection: Minimises wear and surface degradation, potentially extending machinery lifespan
✅ Environmental benefits: Offers a greener alternative for sustainable manufacturing and lubrication technologies

📍 Potential Applications
✅ Renewable energy systems, including wind and solar equipment
✅ Marine and automotive sectors
✅ Heavy industrial machinery
✅ Green manufacturing and sustainable lubrication technologies

📍 About IASST
✅ Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology is an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology (DST)
✅ Located in Guwahati, Assam
✅ Provides advanced analytical facilities and state-of-the-art research infrastructure for interdisciplinary scientific research

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23rd July editorial summary

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 23 JULY 2026

🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE

📍 Kharchi Puja
✅ Major 7-day festival of Tripura
✅ Observed after Ama Pechi (Ambu Bachi), associated with the menstruation of Mother Earth
✅ Marks the ritual purification of Mother Earth
✅ Worship of 14 deities of the Tripuri dynasty performed by the hereditary Chantai royal priest
✅ Celebrated by both tribal and non-tribal communities

🔆 SOCIAL ISSUEs

📍 India Reduces Undernourishment by 42%
✅ According to State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2026
✅ Share of undernourished population declined from 21.1% (2004–06) to 9.8% (2023–25)
✅ Over 142 million people remain undernourished
✅ Around 520.1 million people (35.5%) cannot regularly afford a healthy diet
✅ Cost of a healthy diet increased more than threefold in six years
✅ SOFI is jointly published by FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO

🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

📍 Tamil Nadu Leads in Women’s Factory Employment
✅ Tamil Nadu accounts for around 40% of women directly employed in Indian factories
✅ Coimbatore (41.3%) and Madurai (37%) rank among India’s top cities in female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)
✅ Urban India average stands at 27.7%
✅ State’s share of women in computer, electronic and optical manufacturing increased from 20% to 43% within a decade
✅ Key challenges include contractual employment, gender pay gaps and limited managerial mobility

📍 Anurag Jain Appointed CEO of NITI Aayog
✅ Appointment approved by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC)
✅ Official order issued by Department of Personnel & Training (DoPT)
✅ NITI Aayog is the Government of India’s premier public policy think tank

🔆 SUMMITS & CONFERENCES

📍 BRICS Health Ministers’ Meeting
✅ Held in Chandigarh
✅ Chaired by the Union Health & Family Welfare Minister
✅ Theme: “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability”
✅ Focus on health security, digital health, pandemic preparedness and equitable healthcare
✅ Proposed BRICS Training Hub Network and Centres of Excellence
✅ NIMHANS, Bengaluru identified as a key institutional contributor

📍 BRICS Network University Meeting
✅ International Governing Board meeting held virtually by the Ministry of Education
✅ Focus on integrating Traditional and Indigenous Knowledge Systems into higher education
✅ Discussions covered ethical documentation and AI-driven sharing of indigenous knowledge
✅ Reviewed the 2025–2028 Action Plan
✅ Approved a new official BRICS Network University website
✅ Concluded with adoption of the IGB Declaration

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 India’s First Utility-Scale Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Project
✅ 100 MWh project to be developed at Khavda Solar Park, Gujarat
✅ Developed by Delectrik Systems and Bondada Engineering for NTPC Renewable Energy Ltd.
✅ Scheduled for deployment in 2027
✅ 100% designed and manufactured in India
✅ Non-lithium technology stores energy in liquid electrolytes held in external tanks
✅ Suitable for Long-Duration Energy Storage (LDES) and grid stabilisation

📍 India’s Wind Power Capacity Reaches 57.44 GW
✅ Installed wind capacity reached 57,443 MW as of 30 June 2026
✅ Wind generation reached 106.7 billion units in FY 2025–26
✅ India ranks 4th globally in installed wind capacity
✅ Targets 100 GW by 2030 and 156 GW by 2036

📍 India’s Renewable Energy Capacity Reaches 288.58 GW
✅ Increased from 76.38 GW in 2014 to 288.58 GW by June 2026
✅ Total non-fossil fuel capacity: 297.36 GW
✅ Solar: 162.15 GW
✅ Wind: 57.44 GW
✅ Hydropower: 57.24 GW
✅ Nuclear: 8.78 GW

🔆 ENVIRONMENT

📍 India’s First AI-Powered Bird Sanctuary
✅ Being developed at Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary (TCFS), Mumbai
✅ Covers a 20-hectare eco-nature park
✅ AI-enabled cameras and sensors to monitor birds across a 1.5 km radius
✅ Enables real-time species identification, tracking and migration monitoring
✅ TCFS is a Ramsar Site located along the Central Asian Flyway
✅ Supports nearly 250 native and migratory bird species, including flamingos
✅ Tourism infrastructure restricted to just 0.35 hectares to minimise ecological disturbance

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