π DGFT Enables Automated Issuance of Free Sale and Commerce Certificates
π Why in News?
π’ The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) has automated the issuance of Free Sale and Commerce Certificates (FSCs) for eligible applications, replacing manual scrutiny with rule-based processing.
π What is an FSC?
π’ An FSC certifies that a product is freely sold and commercially available in the country of manufacture.
π’ It is commonly required by importing countries for products such as food, nutraceuticals, agri-products, cosmetics, herbal preparations and chemicals.
π’ In India, FSCs are issued by DGFT Regional Authorities (RAs) for eligible items outside the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940.
π What has Changed?
π’ Earlier: All applications underwent manual scrutiny by Regional Authorities, causing delays of several days to weeks.
π’ Now: Eligible applications are checked against an automated rule-set on the DGFT portal and certificates are issued immediately.
π’ Applications requiring verification are routed to the concerned RA.
π’ Auto-approved applications may later be reviewed under a risk-management framework.
π Key Shift
π’ Manual gate β Risk-based digital processing
π’ The system enables instant clearance for compliant exporters while human scrutiny is focused on risk-flagged applications.
π Significance
π’ Reduces processing time and compliance burden.
π’ Improves predictability and ease of doing business.
π’ Supports paperless and digital trade facilitation.
π’ Complements systems such as ICEGATE and SWIFT.
π’ Advances the objectives of the National Trade Facilitation Action Plan (NTFAP) and Indiaβs commitments under the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement.
π Challenges
π’ Automation depends on a well-designed eligibility rule-set.
π’ Weak ex-post verification could reduce regulatory oversight.
π’ Small exporters may face digital-readiness challenges.
π’ Adequate support is needed to ensure that benefits also reach MSMEs and smaller exporters.
π About DGFT
π’ DGFT implements Indiaβs Foreign Trade Policy and issues IEC, Advance Authorisations, EPCG licences and trade-related certificates.
π Key Takeaway
π’ The automation of FSCs reflects a shift towards technology-driven and risk-based trade governance, with routine applications cleared digitally and regulatory scrutiny focused on higher-risk cases.
πΉ UPSC Mains Question:
βThe automation of Free Sale and Commerce Certificates reflects Indiaβs shift from front-end manual controls towards risk-based digital trade facilitation. Examine its significance and the challenges in ensuring equitable benefits for small and medium exporters.β
#Economy
π Why in News?
π’ The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) has automated the issuance of Free Sale and Commerce Certificates (FSCs) for eligible applications, replacing manual scrutiny with rule-based processing.
π What is an FSC?
π’ An FSC certifies that a product is freely sold and commercially available in the country of manufacture.
π’ It is commonly required by importing countries for products such as food, nutraceuticals, agri-products, cosmetics, herbal preparations and chemicals.
π’ In India, FSCs are issued by DGFT Regional Authorities (RAs) for eligible items outside the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940.
π What has Changed?
π’ Earlier: All applications underwent manual scrutiny by Regional Authorities, causing delays of several days to weeks.
π’ Now: Eligible applications are checked against an automated rule-set on the DGFT portal and certificates are issued immediately.
π’ Applications requiring verification are routed to the concerned RA.
π’ Auto-approved applications may later be reviewed under a risk-management framework.
π Key Shift
π’ Manual gate β Risk-based digital processing
π’ The system enables instant clearance for compliant exporters while human scrutiny is focused on risk-flagged applications.
π Significance
π’ Reduces processing time and compliance burden.
π’ Improves predictability and ease of doing business.
π’ Supports paperless and digital trade facilitation.
π’ Complements systems such as ICEGATE and SWIFT.
π’ Advances the objectives of the National Trade Facilitation Action Plan (NTFAP) and Indiaβs commitments under the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement.
π Challenges
π’ Automation depends on a well-designed eligibility rule-set.
π’ Weak ex-post verification could reduce regulatory oversight.
π’ Small exporters may face digital-readiness challenges.
π’ Adequate support is needed to ensure that benefits also reach MSMEs and smaller exporters.
π About DGFT
π’ DGFT implements Indiaβs Foreign Trade Policy and issues IEC, Advance Authorisations, EPCG licences and trade-related certificates.
π Key Takeaway
π’ The automation of FSCs reflects a shift towards technology-driven and risk-based trade governance, with routine applications cleared digitally and regulatory scrutiny focused on higher-risk cases.
πΉ UPSC Mains Question:
βThe automation of Free Sale and Commerce Certificates reflects Indiaβs shift from front-end manual controls towards risk-based digital trade facilitation. Examine its significance and the challenges in ensuring equitable benefits for small and medium exporters.β
#Economy
π Reverse Vaccinology: A New Approach to Vaccine Discovery
π Why in News?
π’ British scientists have taken an important first step towards developing a universal pneumococcal vaccine using reverse vaccinology.
π What is Reverse Vaccinology?
π’ A vaccine-discovery approach that starts in silicoβusing a pathogenβs genetic informationβrather than beginning with laboratory experiments on the pathogen itself.
π’ The term βreverse vaccinologyβ was coined by Rino Rappuoli in 2000.
π’ It integrates genomics, bioinformatics, proteomics and immunology.
π How does it work?
π’ Genome sequencing: Scientists obtain information about the pathogenβs genes and proteins.
π’ Computer-based screening: Bioinformatic tools identify genes capable of producing suitable surface proteins.
π’ Antigen selection: Proteins are selected based on accessibility to the immune system and minimal similarity to human proteins.
π’ Further assessment: Their predicted shape, stability and ability to generate a strong and lasting immune response are evaluated.
π’ Experimental validation: Promising candidates are tested through laboratory assays or in animals to determine whether they trigger immunity and provide protection.
π Why is it Significant?
π’ Faster vaccine discovery: Reduces the time required to identify suitable antigens compared with conventional approaches.
π’ Useful for difficult pathogens: Can support vaccine development where pathogens cannot be easily grown in culture.
π’ Wider coverage: Helps identify proteins shared across different serotypes, potentially enabling broad-spectrum or universal vaccines.
π’ Targeted approach: Narrows down potential vaccine targets before extensive laboratory experimentation.
π Major Applications
π’ First used for: Vaccine development against Neisseria meningitidis.
π’ COVID-19: Genome sequencing helped identify the gene encoding the spike protein for vaccine development.
π’ Pneumococcal disease: Scientists are now exploring shared protein targets to develop a universal pneumococcal vaccine.
π Limitations
π’ Cannot directly identify carbohydrates and other cellular structures that are not directly encoded by the genome.
π’ Computational predictions must ultimately be validated experimentally for safety and effectiveness.
π Prelims Takeaway
π’ Reverse Vaccinology: Starts with the genome of the pathogen β identifies potential antigens computationally β validates them experimentally.
π’ Conventional vaccinology: Traditionally begins with the pathogen itself, followed by identification of suitable antigens.
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
π Why in News?
π’ British scientists have taken an important first step towards developing a universal pneumococcal vaccine using reverse vaccinology.
π What is Reverse Vaccinology?
π’ A vaccine-discovery approach that starts in silicoβusing a pathogenβs genetic informationβrather than beginning with laboratory experiments on the pathogen itself.
π’ The term βreverse vaccinologyβ was coined by Rino Rappuoli in 2000.
π’ It integrates genomics, bioinformatics, proteomics and immunology.
π How does it work?
π’ Genome sequencing: Scientists obtain information about the pathogenβs genes and proteins.
π’ Computer-based screening: Bioinformatic tools identify genes capable of producing suitable surface proteins.
π’ Antigen selection: Proteins are selected based on accessibility to the immune system and minimal similarity to human proteins.
π’ Further assessment: Their predicted shape, stability and ability to generate a strong and lasting immune response are evaluated.
π’ Experimental validation: Promising candidates are tested through laboratory assays or in animals to determine whether they trigger immunity and provide protection.
π Why is it Significant?
π’ Faster vaccine discovery: Reduces the time required to identify suitable antigens compared with conventional approaches.
π’ Useful for difficult pathogens: Can support vaccine development where pathogens cannot be easily grown in culture.
π’ Wider coverage: Helps identify proteins shared across different serotypes, potentially enabling broad-spectrum or universal vaccines.
π’ Targeted approach: Narrows down potential vaccine targets before extensive laboratory experimentation.
π Major Applications
π’ First used for: Vaccine development against Neisseria meningitidis.
π’ COVID-19: Genome sequencing helped identify the gene encoding the spike protein for vaccine development.
π’ Pneumococcal disease: Scientists are now exploring shared protein targets to develop a universal pneumococcal vaccine.
π Limitations
π’ Cannot directly identify carbohydrates and other cellular structures that are not directly encoded by the genome.
π’ Computational predictions must ultimately be validated experimentally for safety and effectiveness.
π Prelims Takeaway
π’ Reverse Vaccinology: Starts with the genome of the pathogen β identifies potential antigens computationally β validates them experimentally.
π’ Conventional vaccinology: Traditionally begins with the pathogen itself, followed by identification of suitable antigens.
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
β€2
#Goodmorning
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β³261 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
β³350 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
β³107 days left EPFO 20 December
β³93 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
β³87 Days left UKPSC 29 November
β³83 days left Ifos mains 25 November
β³73 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
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π Current Affairsβ 03 SEPTEMBER 2026
π HISTORY, ART & CULTURE
π LiDAR Survey β Lakkundiβs Hidden Monuments
π’ DAMH signs an MoU with the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bengaluru for a LiDAR survey of Lakkundi, Gadag district.
π’ Objective: Locate concealed monuments, wells and temples from the 10thβ12th century CE hidden by vegetation.
π’ Technology: LiDAR, GIS mapping, remote sensing, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), drones and photogrammetry.
π’ Process: NIAS will study old photographs, scan the area and identify potential sites for excavation; a Joint Coordination Committee will oversee the project.
π’ Heritage: Lakkundi, known as Lokki-Gundi in inscriptions, occupies an important place in Indian architectural history.
π’ Architecture: Conserved monuments belong to the Kalyana-Chalukya period and display the Vesara style, blending Nagara, Dravida and Bhumija styles.
π’ Significance: Supports sustainable conservation and strengthens the proposal for UNESCO World Heritage Site status.
π ENVIRONMENT
π Zero Legacy Waste β Depalpur
π’ Indore and Depalpur achieve Zero Legacy Waste under Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban 2.0.
π’ System: Four-bin segregation, 100% door-to-door collection and peer learning through Swachh Shehar Jodi.
π’ Operation: 1,250 MT of legacy waste remediated with the participation of 500 ragpickers and heavy machinery.
π’ Outcome: 4.5 tonnes of recyclables recovered; 50β60 tonnes of RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel) sent to the NEPRA plant and cement factories.
π’ Community Action: Dumpsite revived through plantation, wall art and plastic-free zones.
π’ Impact: First city under the initiative to completely erase its dumpsite; the site will be used for sports, citizen programmes and social gatherings.
π Liocheles gracilipalpus
π’ New scorpion species discovered in the Shivalik Hills, Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir, at an elevation of 1,655 m.
π’ Family: Hormuridae.
π’ Name Origin: Gracilis means slender, while palpus refers to the pedipalp.
π’ Features: Long, slender pedipalps; body length 34.8β43.2 mm; greyish to dark-brown body with lighter legs and tail.
π’ Sexual Dimorphism: Clear differences in pedipalp structure between males and females.
π’ Habitat: Found beneath flat rocks, man-made walls and wood-storage sheds across 600β1,655 m elevation.
π Tetragonula nagalandensis
π’ New stingless honey bee species discovered in Medziphema, Nagaland, and named after the state.
π’ Count: Brings Indiaβs total number of stingless bee species to 19.
π’ Features: Around 5 mm long; male reproductive anatomy shows a C-shaped notch and sharply curved penis valve.
π’ Habitat: Subterranean; builds compact brood clusters under soil, protected by wax and organic layers.
π’ Ecological Role: Important pollinator of local crops and wild vegetation, supporting biodiversity and agriculture.
π Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
π’ An exceptionally rare visitor to India, highlighting the biodiversity of Delhi-NCR wetlands.
π’ Identification: Bold white supercilium, rufous-streaked cap, rusty-brown scalloped feathers and diffused breast markings.
π’ Range: Breeds in northern Siberia and migrates mainly to Australia and New Zealand.
π’ Conservation: Listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List; population declined by 45% in 15 years due to habitat loss.
π’ Ecology: Forages in coastal and inland wetlands, feeding on seeds, worms, molluscs, crustaceans and insects.
π 5th Edition β Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar
π’ Preparations reviewed at a high-level meeting of science ministries at CSIR-Science Centre, New Delhi.
π’ Campaign: Major coastal cleanliness drive under Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar.
π’ Focus: Greater coordination among scientific institutions and integration of technology, public participation and inter-departmental collaboration.
π’ Outreach: Digital campaigns, documentaries, infographics and success stories to showcase Indiaβs scientific achievements.
π’ Significance: Reflects a strong science-society partnership for environmental protection and innovation.
π New Zealand KΔkΔpΕ Population
π’ The worldβs heaviest parrot, KΔkΔpΕ, increased from 51 birds in 1995 to 325 after a record 90 chicks in 2026.
π’ Conservation: Intensive recovery through predator-free islands, genetic management and continuous monitoring.
π’ Challenges: Flightless and highly vulnerable to cats, rats and stoats; breeds only during rimu mast years, every 2β4 years.
π’ Breakthroughs: Rapid DNA sex testing, nest monitoring and chick care improved survival.
π’ Status: Still Critically Endangered, despite its remarkable recovery.
π INDEX
π V-Demβs Democracy Index 2026
π’ V-Dem Institute reports that Indiaβs democracy has steadily declined since 2009, reaching its lowest index score since the 1975 Emergency.
π’ Concerns: India is described as βautocratisingβ, with concerns over weakening democratic institutions.
π’ Indicators:50-year low in judicial accountability, Election Management Body autonomy and public administration impartiality.
π’ Context: The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination also raised concerns over reports of human-rights violations, including the exclusion of Muslim voters from electoral rolls.
π MISCELLANEOUS
π National Departmental Summit on Water 2026
π’ The Ministry of Jal Shakti hosts the first Departmental Summit on Water at Sushma Swaraj Bhawan.
π’ Vision: Supports Cooperative Federalism, a Water Secure India and Viksit Bharat 2047.
π’ Focus: Timely water infrastructure projects, Jal Sanchay Jan BhagidariβCatch the Rain, source sustainability and rural water-supply O&M under Jal Jeevan Mission 2.0.
π’ Process: Centre and States share best practices, address challenges and agree on time-bound actions.
π’ Significance: Creates a new model of Centre-State collaboration, strengthening the Team India approach.
π International Workshop on Tiger Landscapes
π’ A two-day international workshop inaugurated by the Union Environment Minister.
π’ Organisers:International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
π’ Focus: Conservation, bioeconomy and ecotourism as pillars of livelihood, income generation and ecological security.
π’ Key Highlight:IBCA and ADB signed an MoU for collaboration on landscape conservation, sustainable financing and capacity building.
π’ Participants: Experts and officials from India and tiger-range countries including Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Malaysia, Nepal and Vietnam.
π’ Significance: Recognises tiger landscapes as natural capital and promotes integrated landscape management, community-based ecotourism and traditional knowledge for sustainable development.
#CurrentAffairs
π HISTORY, ART & CULTURE
π LiDAR Survey β Lakkundiβs Hidden Monuments
π’ DAMH signs an MoU with the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bengaluru for a LiDAR survey of Lakkundi, Gadag district.
π’ Objective: Locate concealed monuments, wells and temples from the 10thβ12th century CE hidden by vegetation.
π’ Technology: LiDAR, GIS mapping, remote sensing, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), drones and photogrammetry.
π’ Process: NIAS will study old photographs, scan the area and identify potential sites for excavation; a Joint Coordination Committee will oversee the project.
π’ Heritage: Lakkundi, known as Lokki-Gundi in inscriptions, occupies an important place in Indian architectural history.
π’ Architecture: Conserved monuments belong to the Kalyana-Chalukya period and display the Vesara style, blending Nagara, Dravida and Bhumija styles.
π’ Significance: Supports sustainable conservation and strengthens the proposal for UNESCO World Heritage Site status.
π ENVIRONMENT
π Zero Legacy Waste β Depalpur
π’ Indore and Depalpur achieve Zero Legacy Waste under Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban 2.0.
π’ System: Four-bin segregation, 100% door-to-door collection and peer learning through Swachh Shehar Jodi.
π’ Operation: 1,250 MT of legacy waste remediated with the participation of 500 ragpickers and heavy machinery.
π’ Outcome: 4.5 tonnes of recyclables recovered; 50β60 tonnes of RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel) sent to the NEPRA plant and cement factories.
π’ Community Action: Dumpsite revived through plantation, wall art and plastic-free zones.
π’ Impact: First city under the initiative to completely erase its dumpsite; the site will be used for sports, citizen programmes and social gatherings.
π Liocheles gracilipalpus
π’ New scorpion species discovered in the Shivalik Hills, Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir, at an elevation of 1,655 m.
π’ Family: Hormuridae.
π’ Name Origin: Gracilis means slender, while palpus refers to the pedipalp.
π’ Features: Long, slender pedipalps; body length 34.8β43.2 mm; greyish to dark-brown body with lighter legs and tail.
π’ Sexual Dimorphism: Clear differences in pedipalp structure between males and females.
π’ Habitat: Found beneath flat rocks, man-made walls and wood-storage sheds across 600β1,655 m elevation.
π Tetragonula nagalandensis
π’ New stingless honey bee species discovered in Medziphema, Nagaland, and named after the state.
π’ Count: Brings Indiaβs total number of stingless bee species to 19.
π’ Features: Around 5 mm long; male reproductive anatomy shows a C-shaped notch and sharply curved penis valve.
π’ Habitat: Subterranean; builds compact brood clusters under soil, protected by wax and organic layers.
π’ Ecological Role: Important pollinator of local crops and wild vegetation, supporting biodiversity and agriculture.
π Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
π’ An exceptionally rare visitor to India, highlighting the biodiversity of Delhi-NCR wetlands.
π’ Identification: Bold white supercilium, rufous-streaked cap, rusty-brown scalloped feathers and diffused breast markings.
π’ Range: Breeds in northern Siberia and migrates mainly to Australia and New Zealand.
π’ Conservation: Listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List; population declined by 45% in 15 years due to habitat loss.
π’ Ecology: Forages in coastal and inland wetlands, feeding on seeds, worms, molluscs, crustaceans and insects.
π 5th Edition β Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar
π’ Preparations reviewed at a high-level meeting of science ministries at CSIR-Science Centre, New Delhi.
π’ Campaign: Major coastal cleanliness drive under Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar.
π’ Focus: Greater coordination among scientific institutions and integration of technology, public participation and inter-departmental collaboration.
π’ Outreach: Digital campaigns, documentaries, infographics and success stories to showcase Indiaβs scientific achievements.
π’ Significance: Reflects a strong science-society partnership for environmental protection and innovation.
π New Zealand KΔkΔpΕ Population
π’ The worldβs heaviest parrot, KΔkΔpΕ, increased from 51 birds in 1995 to 325 after a record 90 chicks in 2026.
π’ Conservation: Intensive recovery through predator-free islands, genetic management and continuous monitoring.
π’ Challenges: Flightless and highly vulnerable to cats, rats and stoats; breeds only during rimu mast years, every 2β4 years.
π’ Breakthroughs: Rapid DNA sex testing, nest monitoring and chick care improved survival.
π’ Status: Still Critically Endangered, despite its remarkable recovery.
π INDEX
π V-Demβs Democracy Index 2026
π’ V-Dem Institute reports that Indiaβs democracy has steadily declined since 2009, reaching its lowest index score since the 1975 Emergency.
π’ Concerns: India is described as βautocratisingβ, with concerns over weakening democratic institutions.
π’ Indicators:50-year low in judicial accountability, Election Management Body autonomy and public administration impartiality.
π’ Context: The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination also raised concerns over reports of human-rights violations, including the exclusion of Muslim voters from electoral rolls.
π MISCELLANEOUS
π National Departmental Summit on Water 2026
π’ The Ministry of Jal Shakti hosts the first Departmental Summit on Water at Sushma Swaraj Bhawan.
π’ Vision: Supports Cooperative Federalism, a Water Secure India and Viksit Bharat 2047.
π’ Focus: Timely water infrastructure projects, Jal Sanchay Jan BhagidariβCatch the Rain, source sustainability and rural water-supply O&M under Jal Jeevan Mission 2.0.
π’ Process: Centre and States share best practices, address challenges and agree on time-bound actions.
π’ Significance: Creates a new model of Centre-State collaboration, strengthening the Team India approach.
π International Workshop on Tiger Landscapes
π’ A two-day international workshop inaugurated by the Union Environment Minister.
π’ Organisers:International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
π’ Focus: Conservation, bioeconomy and ecotourism as pillars of livelihood, income generation and ecological security.
π’ Key Highlight:IBCA and ADB signed an MoU for collaboration on landscape conservation, sustainable financing and capacity building.
π’ Participants: Experts and officials from India and tiger-range countries including Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Malaysia, Nepal and Vietnam.
π’ Significance: Recognises tiger landscapes as natural capital and promotes integrated landscape management, community-based ecotourism and traditional knowledge for sustainable development.
#CurrentAffairs
β€7
Forwarded from UPSC EPFO APFC Test MCQ Anmol Vachan
π Complete English Grammar Revision in Just 50 Pages!
Specially curated for serious aspirants of EPFO | CDS | CAPF and other competitive examinations. Get straight-to-the-point notes designed to boost your accuracy and speed.
β Key Features:
β’ Important Grammar Rules & Structures
β’ Crucial Exceptions & Special Usages
β’ Common Grammar Confusions Resolved
β’ Wrong vs. Correct Practical Examples
β’ Error-Spotting Rules & Exam Traps
β’ Time-Saving Quick Revision Tables
π° Limited Time Pricing:
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Specially curated for serious aspirants of EPFO | CDS | CAPF and other competitive examinations. Get straight-to-the-point notes designed to boost your accuracy and speed.
β Key Features:
β’ Important Grammar Rules & Structures
β’ Crucial Exceptions & Special Usages
β’ Common Grammar Confusions Resolved
β’ Wrong vs. Correct Practical Examples
β’ Error-Spotting Rules & Exam Traps
β’ Time-Saving Quick Revision Tables
π° Limited Time Pricing:
Get the Anmol Vachan Short Notes today for just βΉ99 (Original Price:
Note: This 50% discount applies strictly to the first 200 students
Contact - @EPFO_Notes_bot.
Forwarded from UPSC EPFO APFC Test MCQ Anmol Vachan
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1.6 MB
sample pages
π GISAT-1A / EOS-05
π Why in News?
π’ ISRO achieved its first successful launch of 2026 by placing GISAT-1A (EOS-05) into orbit aboard GSLV-F17 from Sriharikota.
π’ The launch marks ISROβs comeback after the PSLV-C62 failure in January 2026.
π About GISAT
π’ GISAT = Geo Imaging Satellite and is an Earth observation satellite.
π’ Operates from a geosynchronous orbit at an altitude of approximately 36,000 km.
π’ It enables continuous and repeated observation of India and adjacent regions.
π’ It is Indiaβs first dedicated imaging satellite operating from geosynchronous orbit.
π Why is it Significant?
π’ LEO satellites provide high spatial resolution but only periodic coverage.
π’ GISAT-1A enables continuous, wide-area observation, providing a major advantage in monitoring dynamic events.
π Applications
π’ Disaster Management: Cyclone and flood monitoring, forest-fire and smoke detection, cloud observation, and emergency response.
π’ Agriculture & Environment: Monitoring crop health, drought, snow cover, glaciers, water bodies and environmental changes.
π’ Strategic & Security: Wide-area monitoring of western and northern borders, maritime and coastal surveillance, and enhanced situational awareness.
π Prelims
π’ GISAT: Geo Imaging Satellite
π’ EOS: Earth Observation Satellite
π’ LEO: Low Earth Orbit
π’ GSLV-F17: Launch vehicle used for GISAT-1A/EOS-05
π’ Orbit: Geosynchronous orbit at ~36,000 km
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
π Why in News?
π’ ISRO achieved its first successful launch of 2026 by placing GISAT-1A (EOS-05) into orbit aboard GSLV-F17 from Sriharikota.
π’ The launch marks ISROβs comeback after the PSLV-C62 failure in January 2026.
π About GISAT
π’ GISAT = Geo Imaging Satellite and is an Earth observation satellite.
π’ Operates from a geosynchronous orbit at an altitude of approximately 36,000 km.
π’ It enables continuous and repeated observation of India and adjacent regions.
π’ It is Indiaβs first dedicated imaging satellite operating from geosynchronous orbit.
π Why is it Significant?
π’ LEO satellites provide high spatial resolution but only periodic coverage.
π’ GISAT-1A enables continuous, wide-area observation, providing a major advantage in monitoring dynamic events.
π Applications
π’ Disaster Management: Cyclone and flood monitoring, forest-fire and smoke detection, cloud observation, and emergency response.
π’ Agriculture & Environment: Monitoring crop health, drought, snow cover, glaciers, water bodies and environmental changes.
π’ Strategic & Security: Wide-area monitoring of western and northern borders, maritime and coastal surveillance, and enhanced situational awareness.
π Prelims
π’ GISAT: Geo Imaging Satellite
π’ EOS: Earth Observation Satellite
π’ LEO: Low Earth Orbit
π’ GSLV-F17: Launch vehicle used for GISAT-1A/EOS-05
π’ Orbit: Geosynchronous orbit at ~36,000 km
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
β€5π1
#Goodmorning
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β³260 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
β³349 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
β³106 days left EPFO 20 December
β³92 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
β³86 Days left UKPSC 29 November
β³82 days left Ifos mains 25 November
β³72 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
β³54 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
β³50 days left 72nd BPSC Prelims 25 oct
β³8 Days left CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
β³2 days left Mppsc mains 7 September
#Target
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β€1
π Gurudwara Reform Movement (Akali Movement)
π Background
π’ Rationalist and progressive ideas of the 19th century influenced the Sikh community.
π’ The Singh Sabha Movement, founded at Amritsar in 1873, promoted Western education and countered revivalist influences.
π’ The Gurudwara Reform Movement, also known as the Akali Movement, emerged as an offshoot of the Singh Sabha Movement.
π Objective
π’ To liberate Sikh Gurudwaras from the control of corrupt mahants, who enjoyed government support.
π The Movement
π’ In 1921, the Akalis launched a mass non-violent, non-cooperation satyagraha against the mahants.
π’ Groups of agitators compelled mahants and managers to hand over control of Gurudwaras to local devotees.
π’ Initially, the government supported the reformers but changed its approach as the movement increasingly became linked with the national movement.
π Government Response
π’ The British passed the Sikh Gurdwara Act, 1922, which was amended in 1925.
π’ The legislation transferred control of Gurudwaras to the Akalis to appease the Moderate Akalis, while the government used repression against the Extremist Akalis.
π Significance
π’ The Akalis participated in the freedom struggle whenever called upon.
π’ Though the movement was sectarian in character, it was not communal.
π’ It represented the assertion of Sikh religious autonomy against corrupt control and colonial interference.
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π Background
π’ Rationalist and progressive ideas of the 19th century influenced the Sikh community.
π’ The Singh Sabha Movement, founded at Amritsar in 1873, promoted Western education and countered revivalist influences.
π’ The Gurudwara Reform Movement, also known as the Akali Movement, emerged as an offshoot of the Singh Sabha Movement.
π Objective
π’ To liberate Sikh Gurudwaras from the control of corrupt mahants, who enjoyed government support.
π The Movement
π’ In 1921, the Akalis launched a mass non-violent, non-cooperation satyagraha against the mahants.
π’ Groups of agitators compelled mahants and managers to hand over control of Gurudwaras to local devotees.
π’ Initially, the government supported the reformers but changed its approach as the movement increasingly became linked with the national movement.
π Government Response
π’ The British passed the Sikh Gurdwara Act, 1922, which was amended in 1925.
π’ The legislation transferred control of Gurudwaras to the Akalis to appease the Moderate Akalis, while the government used repression against the Extremist Akalis.
π Significance
π’ The Akalis participated in the freedom struggle whenever called upon.
π’ Though the movement was sectarian in character, it was not communal.
π’ It represented the assertion of Sikh religious autonomy against corrupt control and colonial interference.
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β€2
π Gollala Gudi Temple β Monument of National Importance
π Why in News?
π’ The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has notified the Gollala Gudi Temple as a Monument of National Importance for its exquisite carvings.
π Location
π’ Palampet, Mulugu district, Telangana
π’ Located near the UNESCO-listed Ramappa Temple.
π Historical Background
π’ Built during the Kakatiya Dynasty (12thβ14th centuries).
π’ It represents the distinctive architectural and sculptural traditions of the Kakatiya period.
π Architectural Features
π’ Trikutalaya β a three-sanctum shrine with an east-facing mandapa (pillared hall).
π’ Contains three garbhagrihas; the central sanctum houses a Shiva lingam.
π’ Parapets are decorated with sculptures.
π’ The entablature and doorways feature rows of carved hamsas along with jali (latticework).
π Sculptural & Artistic Features
π’ Sculptures include dvarapalas, musicians, dancers, madanikas (celestial maidens) and lions.
π’ Wall niches depict Vishnu, Lakshmi, Ganesha and Mahishasuramardini Durga.
π Legal Protection
π’ The notification comes under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 (AMASR Act).
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π Why in News?
π’ The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has notified the Gollala Gudi Temple as a Monument of National Importance for its exquisite carvings.
π Location
π’ Palampet, Mulugu district, Telangana
π’ Located near the UNESCO-listed Ramappa Temple.
π Historical Background
π’ Built during the Kakatiya Dynasty (12thβ14th centuries).
π’ It represents the distinctive architectural and sculptural traditions of the Kakatiya period.
π Architectural Features
π’ Trikutalaya β a three-sanctum shrine with an east-facing mandapa (pillared hall).
π’ Contains three garbhagrihas; the central sanctum houses a Shiva lingam.
π’ Parapets are decorated with sculptures.
π’ The entablature and doorways feature rows of carved hamsas along with jali (latticework).
π Sculptural & Artistic Features
π’ Sculptures include dvarapalas, musicians, dancers, madanikas (celestial maidens) and lions.
π’ Wall niches depict Vishnu, Lakshmi, Ganesha and Mahishasuramardini Durga.
π Legal Protection
π’ The notification comes under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 (AMASR Act).
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
β€5π1