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🔆 Sects of Jainism

📍 Two Major Sects

🟢 Digambaras — associated with Sravanbelagola (Karnataka); dominant in South & Central India; monks traditionally remain naked; believe only males can attain enlightenment; original Jain texts are considered lost.

🟢 Svetambaras — associated with Magadha; dominant in North & West India; monks wear white clothes; believe women can attain Nirvana and enter the monastic order; preserve many Jain texts.

📍 Digambara Subsects

🟢 Visvapanthis (Bispanthis) — worship Tirthankaras as well as deities such as Bhairava; use symbolic offerings and adorn idols with saffron clothes.

🟢 Terapanthis — opposed the growing dominance of Bhattarakas; continued Tirthankara image worship but rejected worship of minor deities like Bhairava, Ksetrapal and Padmavati.

🟢 Taranpanth (Samaiyapanth) — founded in Bundelkhand in the 16th century; rejected image worship and outward religious practices; sacred place at Malhargarh near Gwalior.

📍 Svetambara Subsects

🟢 Sthanakvasis — criticised idol worship and temple cult; conduct religious activities in prayer halls called sthanaks; founded by merchant Lavaji.

🟢 Murtipujakas — practise idol worship, devotional traditions and symbolic offerings; monks use muhapatti/muppati while speaking and stay in temples or upashrays.

📌 UPSC Mains Model Question

Discuss the major sects of Jainism and examine the doctrinal and religious differences between Digambaras and Svetambaras.

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8th September editorial summary

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🔆 NITI Aayog Launches PACT & ZET Marketplace for Zero-Emission Freight

📍 Why in News?
🟢 At the 5th e-FAST India Summit, NITI Aayog launched Platform for Aggregating Clean Transport (PACT) and the ZET Marketplace to accelerate the adoption of electric trucks.

📍 About PACT
🟢 PACT aggregates freight demand from shippers and logistics service providers and channels it into deployment opportunities along identified freight corridors.
🟢 It connects manufacturers, financiers and charge-point operators to support electric-truck deployment.
🟢 It is a market coordination and demand-aggregation platform, not a direct subsidy scheme.

📍 ZET Marketplace
🟢 A linked business-engagement platform connecting e-truck manufacturers, logistics providers, charge-point operators, financiers and technology firms.
🟢 Aims to build commercial and financing linkages for zero-emission trucks.

📍 Key Data
🟢 E-freight vehicle deployments increased from 201 in FY25 to 826 in FY26.
🟢 More than 3,000 electric medium- and heavy-duty (e-MHD) trucks are currently operating nationally.

📍 Significance
🟢 Addresses coordination gaps involving demand visibility, charging-corridor planning and financing.
🟢 Promotes electrification of medium- and heavy-duty freight, which contributes disproportionately to transport emissions.
🟢 Can facilitate cleaner freight corridors and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

📍 Challenges
🟢 Around 3,000 e-MHD trucks remain a small fraction of India’s commercial truck fleet.
🟢 Charging infrastructure and battery financing remain major constraints.
🟢 Battery resale-value uncertainty can discourage fleet operators.
🟢 PACT’s impact depends on voluntary industry participation and cannot by itself resolve structural financing and infrastructure challenges.

📌 UPSC Mains Model Question

Q. India’s freight sector remains a major and growing source of transport emissions. Examine the institutional and market-based interventions needed to accelerate electrification of medium- and heavy-duty freight, with reference to recent NITI Aayog initiatives. (15 marks, 250 words)

🟢 Introduction: Electrification of freight is crucial for reducing transport emissions, but adoption faces demand, infrastructure and financing barriers.

🟢 Institutional interventions: Demand aggregation through PACT, business linkages through ZET Marketplace, development of charging corridors and coordination among government and industry.

🟢 Market-based measures: Innovative financing, battery leasing, fleet aggregation, predictable demand, charging infrastructure and stronger manufacturer–operator linkages.

🟢 Way Forward: Combine market coordination with financial support, charging infrastructure and risk-sharing mechanisms to scale e-MHD trucks beyond pilot deployments.

🟢 Conclusion: PACT and ZET Marketplace can reduce coordination failures, but sustained electrification requires an integrated ecosystem of demand, finance, infrastructure and technology.

#Economy

🔆 ONE LINERS – 08 SEPTEMBER 2026

📍 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

🔆 CVC Annual Report 2025
🟢 Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) compiled and published its Annual Report 2025, legally submitted to the President and then laid before both Houses of Parliament.
🟢 Legal basis: Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003; CVC exercises superintendence over the CBI in cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
🟢 7,200+ corruption cases remain pending trial, with delays linked to Section 17A sanctions, 1,088 CBI vacancies and slow international evidence collection.
🟢 CBI conviction rate: 71.71% in 2025, up from 69.14% in 2024.
🟢 Significance: Strengthens accountability through complaint disposal, first-stage advice and major penalty proceedings.

📍 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & ISSUES

🔆 G20 Innovation Ministers’ Meeting
🟢 Held in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, with adoption of the Innovation Ministerial Statement and Carolina Principles for Emerging Technologies.
🟢 Six pillars include pro-innovation policies, technology for prosperity, skilled technical workforce, AI-related IP policies, AI standards and industrial innovation.
🟢 Deliverables: AI Prosperity Objectives and AI Prosperity Compact.
🟢 India’s bilateral engagement: EU, France, Germany and African Union on AI, digital technology and DPI; US on semiconductors, AI and data centres.

🔆 First Road Bridge – Russia & North Korea
🟢 First road bridge connecting Russia and North Korea inaugurated over the Tumen River.
🟢 Length: ~1 km; two lanes; capacity up to 300 vehicles/day.
🟢 Replaces decades-long dependence on the Friendship Rail Bridge (1959).
🟢 Connects North Korea to Russia’s federal road network linking Vladivostok–St Petersburg.
🟢 Named after Yakov Novichenko, credited with saving Kim Il Sung in 1946.

📍 ECONOMY

🔆 Platform for Aggregating Clean Transport (PACT)
🟢 NITI Aayog’s e-FAST India introduced PACT at its 5th Summit in New Delhi.
🟢 Objective: Aggregate freight demand from shippers, logistics service providers, vehicle manufacturers, financiers and charge-point operators to accelerate zero-emission trucks.
🟢 ZET Marketplace: Connects e-truck manufacturers, LSPs, CPOs, financiers and technology firms.
🟢 Focus: Corridor-based charging, innovative financing and market-driven collaboration for electric medium- and heavy-duty vehicles.
🟢 Significance: Builds a scalable electric trucking ecosystem, improving logistics competitiveness and energy security.

📍 AGRICULTURE

🔆 India-First Agricultural AI Models
🟢 Google developed two satellite-imagery AI models in India: Agricultural Landscape Understanding (ALU) and Agricultural Monitoring and Event Detection (AMED).
🟢 Used to analyse farmland and track farming activities; now expanding globally with testing in 11 countries across Africa and Asia-Pacific.
🟢 CarbonFarm: Maps field boundaries for low-carbon rice cultivation.
🟢 Terrastack: Supports agricultural finance by reducing the need for physical farm visits.
🟢 Karnataka: Uses the models to track crop water productivity across 2.6 million hectares.
🟢 UN FAO is integrating the models into global agricultural data repositories.

📍 ENVIRONMENT

🔆 UN Climate Week 2026
🟢 4th UN Climate Week opened in Baku, Azerbaijan (6–11 September 2026) ahead of COP31.
🟢 Participants include governments, financial institutions, businesses, climate experts, civil society and investors.
🟢 Focus: Climate action, climate finance, adaptation and transparency under the Paris Agreement’s Enhanced Transparency Framework.
🟢 COP presidencies of COP29 Azerbaijan, COP30 Brazil and COP31 Türkiye are participating to improve climate reporting.
🟢 Discussions cover carbon markets, just transition, NDCs and climate finance mobilisation.
🟢 Developing countries continue to highlight gaps in adaptation finance, clean energy and loss & damage.

📍 SECURITY

🔆 AASHVAST Labs for Drone Security
🟢 Indian Army unveiled AASHVAST Labs in Delhi to secure military drones and defence electronics.
🟢 AASHVAST:Assessment and Analysis of Electronic Systems Hardware for Vulnerabilities and Security Threats.
🟢 Detects vulnerabilities in hardware, software and firmware, including passwords, embedded keys and remote-access tools.
🟢 Validates drones against GPS spoofing, jamming, navigation and software-update risks.
🟢 Also identifies unauthorised modifications and potentially vulnerable foreign components.
🟢 Significance: Strengthens defence cybersecurity, operational preparedness and indigenous defence resilience.

🔆 Exercise Veer Guardian 2026
🟢 2nd edition hosted by the IAF at Jodhpur with the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).
🟢 Japanese contingent: 2 C-2 aircraft, 3 F-2As from the 8th Air Wing, Tsuiki Air Base, and 110 personnel.
🟢 Focus: Air combat manoeuvring, interoperability, operational synergy and tactical proficiency.
🟢 Strengthens the India–Japan Special Strategic and Global Partnership, including defence and Indo-Pacific cooperation.

📍 MISCELLANEOUS

🔆 International Day of Charity
🟢 Observed annually on 5 September, designated by the UN General Assembly in honour of Mother Teresa’s death anniversary.
🟢 Promotes volunteering, philanthropy and humanitarian activities involving individuals, NGOs and stakeholders.
🟢 Charity supports healthcare, education, cultural preservation and vulnerable communities.
🟢 Digital tools, youth leadership and climate-focused initiatives are making charitable giving more inclusive and transparent.

🔆 International Literacy Day 2026
🟢 Observed annually on 8 September; marks its 60th anniversary in 2026.
🟢 Theme:“Literacy for people, the planet and prosperity”.
🟢 UNESCO proclaimed the day in 1966; first observed in 1967.
🟢 739 million youth and adults still lack basic literacy, while 4 in 10 children do not achieve minimum reading proficiency.
🟢 2026 global event: Chiapas, Mexico, with ministers, teachers, students and experts; UNESCO Literacy Prizes also presented.
🟢 Significance: Reinforces literacy as a fundamental human right and a foundation for inclusive and sustainable development.

#CurrentAffairs

8th September UPSC current affairs

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UKPSC 2026 Notification
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🔆 Quantum Entanglement

📍 Why in News?
🟢 Scientists from RRI, University of Calgary and Louisiana State University (LSU) demonstrated a method to delay or avoid sudden quantum entanglement loss using a single flip operation.

📍 What is Quantum Entanglement?
🟢 A phenomenon where the quantum states of two or more particles become correlated.
🟢 Measurement of one particle’s state is directly related to the state of another, regardless of spatial separation.
🟢 It is a fundamental resource for quantum computing, quantum communication, quantum information processing and quantum cryptography.

📍 Loss of Entanglement
🟢 Quantum systems are highly sensitive to external interactions and environmental noise.
🟢 Loss of quantum information due to such interactions is called decoherence.
🟢 As particles transition from an excited state to a ground state, their degree of entanglement may diminish.

📍 Entanglement Sudden Death
🟢 Entanglement can vanish completely within a finite time, even though the underlying particle-decay process is still incomplete.
🟢 This phenomenon is known as entanglement sudden death.

📍 New Study
🟢 Researchers applied a single flip operation at a strategically chosen point during the decay process.
🟢 The effect depends on the timing of the flip operation:
→ 🟢 Delay the onset of sudden death
→ 🟢 Prevent sudden death entirely
→ 🟢 In some cases, accelerate sudden death

📍 Significance
🟢 Can help extend the lifetime of quantum entanglement.
🟢 Precisely timed operations can control entanglement dynamics without necessarily modifying existing quantum hardware.
🟢 May help preserve quantum information for longer durations.
🟢 Such control strategies can complement hardware-based approaches to manage quantum errors and decoherence.

📌 UPSC Mains Model Question

What is quantum entanglement? Explain the phenomenon of ‘entanglement sudden death’ and discuss how its controlled manipulation can contribute to the development of quantum technologies.

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9th September editorial summary

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