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📚 UPSC EPFO APFC 2026 – 3rd Edition
Set of 2 Focused Booklets
⭐ Written by serving/experienced EPFO Officers & IIT Alumni
Labour Codes • Industrial Relations • Social Security • Accounting • Auditing • Insurance • Computer • Quantitative Aptitude
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UPSC EPFO APFC 2026_VOL 2 (ACCOUNTANCY).pdf
11.2 MB
Accountancy, Auditing,
Insurance, Computer &
Quantitative Aptitude
Insurance, Computer &
Quantitative Aptitude
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🔆 STEM CELL THERAPY FOR AUTISM: HEALTH MINISTRY RESTRICTS USE TO APPROVED CLINICAL TRIALS
📍 Why in News?
🟢 The Union Health Ministry has asked States and Union Territories to restrict stem cell therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to duly approved clinical trials.
📍 What are Stem Cells?
🟢 Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into specialised cell types.
🟢 Role: Support tissue maintenance, repair and regeneration.
🟢 Types: Embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and perinatal stem cells.
📍 Stem Cell Therapy: Mechanism
🟢 Extraction: Stem cells are obtained from a suitable source and processed in a laboratory.
🟢 Specialisation: Cells may be directed or manipulated towards specific cell types.
🟢 Transplantation: Cells are introduced into the patient for therapeutic purposes, depending on the disease and treatment approach.
📍 Applications
🟢 Established use: Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is used to treat certain blood cancers and blood disorders, including leukaemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
🟢 Regenerative medicine: Research is exploring potential applications in Type 1 diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, heart failure and osteoarthritis.
🟢 Research & drug testing: Stem cells help study disease mechanisms and evaluate drug safety and toxicity.
📍 Stem Cell Therapy & Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
🟢 ASD is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviours.
🟢 ICMR’s 2021 evidence review did not support stem cell therapy as a standard or routine treatment for ASD.
🟢 Its therapeutic use in ASD is restricted to duly approved clinical trials with necessary regulatory approvals.
📍 UPSC MAINS QUESTION
Q. What is stem cell therapy? Discuss its applications in regenerative medicine and examine the ethical, scientific and regulatory challenges associated with its use in Autism Spectrum Disorder. (250 words)
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Why in News?
🟢 The Union Health Ministry has asked States and Union Territories to restrict stem cell therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to duly approved clinical trials.
📍 What are Stem Cells?
🟢 Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into specialised cell types.
🟢 Role: Support tissue maintenance, repair and regeneration.
🟢 Types: Embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and perinatal stem cells.
📍 Stem Cell Therapy: Mechanism
🟢 Extraction: Stem cells are obtained from a suitable source and processed in a laboratory.
🟢 Specialisation: Cells may be directed or manipulated towards specific cell types.
🟢 Transplantation: Cells are introduced into the patient for therapeutic purposes, depending on the disease and treatment approach.
📍 Applications
🟢 Established use: Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is used to treat certain blood cancers and blood disorders, including leukaemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
🟢 Regenerative medicine: Research is exploring potential applications in Type 1 diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, heart failure and osteoarthritis.
🟢 Research & drug testing: Stem cells help study disease mechanisms and evaluate drug safety and toxicity.
📍 Stem Cell Therapy & Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
🟢 ASD is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviours.
🟢 ICMR’s 2021 evidence review did not support stem cell therapy as a standard or routine treatment for ASD.
🟢 Its therapeutic use in ASD is restricted to duly approved clinical trials with necessary regulatory approvals.
📍 UPSC MAINS QUESTION
Q. What is stem cell therapy? Discuss its applications in regenerative medicine and examine the ethical, scientific and regulatory challenges associated with its use in Autism Spectrum Disorder. (250 words)
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
❤3👌1
#Goodmorning
⏳246 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳335 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳92 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳78 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳72 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳65 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳58 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
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⏳36 days left 72nd BPSC Prelims 25 oct
#Target
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#Accountability
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⏳246 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳335 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳92 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳78 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳72 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳65 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳58 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳40 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
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#Target
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#Accountability
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🔆 ONE LINERS – 17 SEPTEMBER 2026
📍 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE
🔆 Hyderabad Liberation Day
✅ Hyderabad Liberation Day marks the integration of the princely State of Hyderabad into the Indian Union in 1948.
✅ The integration was achieved through Operation Polo, a military operation undertaken by India in September 1948.
✅ The event is associated with the end of the Nizam’s rule and Hyderabad’s incorporation into independent India.
📍 SPECIES
🔆 Rare Philomela Form of Common Wanderer Butterfly
✅ A rare Philomela form of the Common Wanderer butterfly was recorded at Poothurai, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu.
✅ The observation is significant for documenting butterfly diversity and the occurrence of a less commonly recorded form.
✅ Prelims focus: Common name, scientific classification, location of sighting and the distinction between a species and a form/variation.
📍 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
🔆 EPFO Wage Ceiling Increased
✅ The wage ceiling for EPFO coverage has been increased from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000 per month.
✅ The revised ceiling is effective from 17 September 2026.
✅ The wage ceiling determines the salary threshold used for mandatory coverage under the relevant EPF provisions.
✅ Exam focus: EPFO, social security, formalisation of employment and employee provident fund coverage.
🔆 69th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference
✅ The 69th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference is being held in Cape Town, South Africa.
✅ The conference brings together parliamentarians from Commonwealth jurisdictions to discuss parliamentary functioning and shared legislative concerns.
✅ Prelims focus: Conference number, host city and host country.
🔆 Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA)
✅ The Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) is marking its 25th anniversary as an Institution of National Importance.
✅ ICWA is associated with the study and discussion of international relations and foreign-policy issues.
✅ Exam focus: Institution, mandate and its role in promoting research and dialogue on international affairs.
📍 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
🔆 Sohar Port – Oman
✅ Sohar Port is located in Oman, on the Gulf of Oman.
✅ It is an important maritime and industrial hub in the region.
✅ Prelims focus: Port–country mapping and its location in the wider Indian Ocean region.
🔆 Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) – Tempest
✅ India is a dialogue partner in the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP), associated with the Tempest next-generation combat-aircraft project.
✅ The programme concerns the development of advanced combat-air capabilities and related technologies.
✅ Prelims focus: Programme name, Tempest association and India’s status as a dialogue partner.
📍 ENVIRONMENT
🔆 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
✅ The NAPCC is India’s framework for addressing climate change through national-level missions.
✅ It comprises eight national missions, covering areas related to climate mitigation, adaptation, energy efficiency and sustainable development.
✅ Prelims focus: Full form of NAPCC and the number of missions.
🔆 India Net Zero Portal & NAPCC Dashboard
✅ India has launched the India Net Zero Portal and the NAPCC Dashboard.
✅ These platforms are associated with climate-action information, tracking and monitoring of initiatives.
✅ Exam focus: Digital governance tools supporting climate policy and implementation.
🔆 World Circular Economy Forum (WCEF) 2026
✅ WCEF 2026 is being held in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
✅ The forum focuses on the circular economy—an approach that aims to reduce waste and keep materials and products in use for longer through reuse, repair, remanufacturing and recycling.
✅ Exam focus: Forum name, venue and the concept of a circular economy.
📍 INDEX
🔆 Global Gender Gap Index 2026
✅ India ranked 131st out of 145 countries in the Global Gender Gap Index 2026.
✅ The index assesses gender-based gaps across key dimensions, including economic participation, education, health and political empowerment.
✅ Prelims focus: Publishing organisation, index dimensions and India’s reported rank.
#CurrentAffairs
📍 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE
🔆 Hyderabad Liberation Day
✅ Hyderabad Liberation Day marks the integration of the princely State of Hyderabad into the Indian Union in 1948.
✅ The integration was achieved through Operation Polo, a military operation undertaken by India in September 1948.
✅ The event is associated with the end of the Nizam’s rule and Hyderabad’s incorporation into independent India.
📍 SPECIES
🔆 Rare Philomela Form of Common Wanderer Butterfly
✅ A rare Philomela form of the Common Wanderer butterfly was recorded at Poothurai, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu.
✅ The observation is significant for documenting butterfly diversity and the occurrence of a less commonly recorded form.
✅ Prelims focus: Common name, scientific classification, location of sighting and the distinction between a species and a form/variation.
📍 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
🔆 EPFO Wage Ceiling Increased
✅ The wage ceiling for EPFO coverage has been increased from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000 per month.
✅ The revised ceiling is effective from 17 September 2026.
✅ The wage ceiling determines the salary threshold used for mandatory coverage under the relevant EPF provisions.
✅ Exam focus: EPFO, social security, formalisation of employment and employee provident fund coverage.
🔆 69th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference
✅ The 69th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference is being held in Cape Town, South Africa.
✅ The conference brings together parliamentarians from Commonwealth jurisdictions to discuss parliamentary functioning and shared legislative concerns.
✅ Prelims focus: Conference number, host city and host country.
🔆 Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA)
✅ The Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) is marking its 25th anniversary as an Institution of National Importance.
✅ ICWA is associated with the study and discussion of international relations and foreign-policy issues.
✅ Exam focus: Institution, mandate and its role in promoting research and dialogue on international affairs.
📍 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
🔆 Sohar Port – Oman
✅ Sohar Port is located in Oman, on the Gulf of Oman.
✅ It is an important maritime and industrial hub in the region.
✅ Prelims focus: Port–country mapping and its location in the wider Indian Ocean region.
🔆 Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) – Tempest
✅ India is a dialogue partner in the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP), associated with the Tempest next-generation combat-aircraft project.
✅ The programme concerns the development of advanced combat-air capabilities and related technologies.
✅ Prelims focus: Programme name, Tempest association and India’s status as a dialogue partner.
📍 ENVIRONMENT
🔆 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
✅ The NAPCC is India’s framework for addressing climate change through national-level missions.
✅ It comprises eight national missions, covering areas related to climate mitigation, adaptation, energy efficiency and sustainable development.
✅ Prelims focus: Full form of NAPCC and the number of missions.
🔆 India Net Zero Portal & NAPCC Dashboard
✅ India has launched the India Net Zero Portal and the NAPCC Dashboard.
✅ These platforms are associated with climate-action information, tracking and monitoring of initiatives.
✅ Exam focus: Digital governance tools supporting climate policy and implementation.
🔆 World Circular Economy Forum (WCEF) 2026
✅ WCEF 2026 is being held in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
✅ The forum focuses on the circular economy—an approach that aims to reduce waste and keep materials and products in use for longer through reuse, repair, remanufacturing and recycling.
✅ Exam focus: Forum name, venue and the concept of a circular economy.
📍 INDEX
🔆 Global Gender Gap Index 2026
✅ India ranked 131st out of 145 countries in the Global Gender Gap Index 2026.
✅ The index assesses gender-based gaps across key dimensions, including economic participation, education, health and political empowerment.
✅ Prelims focus: Publishing organisation, index dimensions and India’s reported rank.
#CurrentAffairs
❤3
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🔆 Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) — Biodiversity Conservation
📍 Why in News?
🟢 The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) crossed ₹200 crore in cumulative ABS disbursements.
🟢 A fresh ₹8.23 crore was sanctioned to 27 State Biodiversity Boards + 5 UT Biodiversity Councils.
🟢 The amount arose from commercial use of Bitter Gourd, Okra, Chilli and Onion germplasm.
📍 What is ABS?
🟢 Under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, entities using India’s biological resources for research/commercial purposes are required to share resulting benefits with associated communities/States.
🟢 Latest payments came from Nunhems India, East West Seeds India and Bayer Science and Innovation.
📍 How is the Money Allocated?
🟢 Since the crops were sourced through open markets/traders, individual farmers or communities could not be traced.
🟢 Therefore, on an Expert Committee’s recommendation, funds are distributed to State/UT biodiversity institutions based on the area under cultivation.
📍 Permitted Uses
🟢 People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs)
🟢 In-situ & ex-situ conservation
🟢 Ecosystem restoration & Biodiversity Heritage Sites
🟢 Capacity-building of Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs)
🟢 Community livelihoods
📍 Key Challenges
🟢 Traceability gap: Actual custodians may remain unidentified when resources pass through open markets.
🟢 Equity concern: Benefits may reach State institutions rather than original knowledge-holders.
🟢 Absorption capacity: BMCs have varying institutional capacity to utilise funds effectively.
🟢 Scale: ₹200+ crore remains modest compared with India’s broader biodiversity conservation requirements.
📍 International Linkage
🟢 Supports India’s commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Nagoya Protocol on ABS and Target 13 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF).
📌 Key Terms:
NBA → National level | SBB → State level | BMC → Local level | PBR → Local biodiversity & traditional knowledge record
#Environment #pib
📍 Why in News?
🟢 The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) crossed ₹200 crore in cumulative ABS disbursements.
🟢 A fresh ₹8.23 crore was sanctioned to 27 State Biodiversity Boards + 5 UT Biodiversity Councils.
🟢 The amount arose from commercial use of Bitter Gourd, Okra, Chilli and Onion germplasm.
📍 What is ABS?
🟢 Under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, entities using India’s biological resources for research/commercial purposes are required to share resulting benefits with associated communities/States.
🟢 Latest payments came from Nunhems India, East West Seeds India and Bayer Science and Innovation.
📍 How is the Money Allocated?
🟢 Since the crops were sourced through open markets/traders, individual farmers or communities could not be traced.
🟢 Therefore, on an Expert Committee’s recommendation, funds are distributed to State/UT biodiversity institutions based on the area under cultivation.
📍 Permitted Uses
🟢 People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs)
🟢 In-situ & ex-situ conservation
🟢 Ecosystem restoration & Biodiversity Heritage Sites
🟢 Capacity-building of Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs)
🟢 Community livelihoods
📍 Key Challenges
🟢 Traceability gap: Actual custodians may remain unidentified when resources pass through open markets.
🟢 Equity concern: Benefits may reach State institutions rather than original knowledge-holders.
🟢 Absorption capacity: BMCs have varying institutional capacity to utilise funds effectively.
🟢 Scale: ₹200+ crore remains modest compared with India’s broader biodiversity conservation requirements.
📍 International Linkage
🟢 Supports India’s commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Nagoya Protocol on ABS and Target 13 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF).
📌 Key Terms:
NBA → National level | SBB → State level | BMC → Local level | PBR → Local biodiversity & traditional knowledge record
#Environment #pib
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🔆 ECONOMY OF THE VEDIC AGE
📍 Early Vedic Period
🟢 Agriculture: Barley continued to be an important crop.
🟢 Animal Husbandry: Various animals were domesticated. Lion, elephant and boar were known.
🟢 Trade & Exchange: Money and markets were known but not extensively used. Cows and gold ornaments of fixed value served as mediums of exchange.
🟢 Medical Knowledge: Healing wounds, curing diseases and knowledge of surgery existed.
📍 Later Vedic Period
🟢 Agriculture: Rice and wheat became major crops. Agriculture emerged as the primary source of livelihood, leading to a settled and sedentary life.
🟢 Wealth: Cows remained a measure of wealth, while land became more valuable than cattle.
🟢 Bali: Voluntary donations or contributions were prevalent.
🟢 Trade & Urbanisation: Growth of urbanisation, craft production and trade encouraged the emergence of guilds (Shrenis).
🟢 Guilds (Shrenis): Regulated members’ conduct through guild courts. Shreni-dharma governed their customary practices. Guilds could also function as bankers, financiers and trustees.
🟢 Shreshthins: Merchant-financiers who often performed banking and financial functions. They are associated with the later traditions of Seths, Chettis and Chettiyars.
📍 UPSC PRELIMS QUICK REVISION
🟢 Early Vedic: Barley, cattle-based wealth and limited use of money.
🟢 Later Vedic: Rice and wheat, settled agriculture, growing trade and guilds.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍 Early Vedic Period
🟢 Agriculture: Barley continued to be an important crop.
🟢 Animal Husbandry: Various animals were domesticated. Lion, elephant and boar were known.
🟢 Trade & Exchange: Money and markets were known but not extensively used. Cows and gold ornaments of fixed value served as mediums of exchange.
🟢 Medical Knowledge: Healing wounds, curing diseases and knowledge of surgery existed.
📍 Later Vedic Period
🟢 Agriculture: Rice and wheat became major crops. Agriculture emerged as the primary source of livelihood, leading to a settled and sedentary life.
🟢 Wealth: Cows remained a measure of wealth, while land became more valuable than cattle.
🟢 Bali: Voluntary donations or contributions were prevalent.
🟢 Trade & Urbanisation: Growth of urbanisation, craft production and trade encouraged the emergence of guilds (Shrenis).
🟢 Guilds (Shrenis): Regulated members’ conduct through guild courts. Shreni-dharma governed their customary practices. Guilds could also function as bankers, financiers and trustees.
🟢 Shreshthins: Merchant-financiers who often performed banking and financial functions. They are associated with the later traditions of Seths, Chettis and Chettiyars.
📍 UPSC PRELIMS QUICK REVISION
🟢 Early Vedic: Barley, cattle-based wealth and limited use of money.
🟢 Later Vedic: Rice and wheat, settled agriculture, growing trade and guilds.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
#Goodmorning
⏳245 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳334 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳91 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳77 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳71 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳64 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳57 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳39 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
⏳35 days left 72nd BPSC Prelims 25 oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳245 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳334 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳91 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳77 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳71 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳64 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳57 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳39 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
⏳35 days left 72nd BPSC Prelims 25 oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1