22 october UPSC current affairs

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🔆 ASHOKE SEN WINS OSKAR KLEIN MEDAL 2026

📍 Why in News?
🟢 Renowned Indian theoretical physicist Ashoke Sen has received the Oskar Klein Medal 2026, becoming the first Indian to receive this international honour.

🔆 About the Oskar Klein Medal
🟢 Awarded by: Stockholm University and the Nobel Committee for Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
🟢 Established: 1988.
🟢 Named after: Oskar Klein, a Swedish theoretical physicist.
🟢 Purpose: Recognises distinguished contributions to physics.

🔆 Why Was Ashoke Sen Selected?
🟢 Pioneering contributions to string theory, black hole entropy and string field theory.
🟢 Research on S-duality and precision counting of black hole entropy has helped shape modern string theory.
🟢 His work has advanced the understanding of gravity and black holes.
🟢 Other honours include the Dirac Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics.

🔆 STRING THEORY: KEY CONCEPTS

📍 Basic Idea
🟢 Proposes that the fundamental building blocks of the universe are tiny, one-dimensional vibrating strings, rather than point-like particles.
🟢 Different vibration patterns produce particles with different properties, such as mass and charge.

📍 Main Objective
🟢 Attempts to unite quantum mechanics with Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
🟢 Seeks a unified framework incorporating all four fundamental forces:
🔹 Gravity
🔹 Electromagnetism
🔹 Strong nuclear force
🔹 Weak nuclear force

📍 Scientific Significance
🟢 Offers a possible framework for understanding particles, gravity and the fundamental nature of the universe.

🔆 UPSC MAINS QUESTION
Q. What is string theory? Discuss its significance in understanding the fundamental forces of nature and the structure of the universe.

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#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

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🔆 ONE-LINERS | 23 OCTOBER 2026

🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE
📍 Commemorative Coin Honouring Sindhi Saint
🟢 President Droupadi Murmu released a ₹200 commemorative coin marking the 200th birth anniversary of Pujya Mata Sahib Hasi Devi Ji.
🟢 She was the fifth spiritual head of Shadani Darbar, revered by the Sindhi community.
🟢 The coin was unveiled at Lok Bhavan, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
🟢 It features her portrait on one side and the Ashoka Pillar with the denomination on the reverse.

🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

📍 Telecommunications (Regulatory Sandbox) Rules, 2026
🟢 Notified by the Department of Telecommunications under the Telecommunications Act, 2023.
🟢 Enables controlled, real-world testing of emerging telecom technologies, including 5G and IoT.
🟢 Eligible entities include startups, companies and R&D organisations.
🟢 Application processing fee: ₹10,000, with prior laboratory test reports required.
🟢 Initial validity: Up to 24 months, with possible 12-month extensions.
🟢 Prohibits commercial sales and user charges during trials; requires informed consent and record retention for at least one year after validity expires.
🟢 Participants must submit an outcome report upon completion.

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 VOC Port’s Green Terminal Initiative
🟢 Tuticorin International Container Terminal (TICT) at VOC Port, Tamil Nadu, became a Green Terminal after electrifying 100% of its operational equipment.
🟢 Introduced 13 electric Internal Transfer Vehicles (E-ITVs) for cleaner container handling.
🟢 VOC Port is developing methanol bunkering, a green hydrogen pilot project and wind-energy facilities.
🟢 The Outer Harbour Project, involving investment exceeding ₹15,000 crore, aims to add 4 MTPA capacity.
🟢 Supports maritime decarbonisation and Tamil Nadu’s role as a southern Indian transhipment hub.

📍 Indian Railways: Record Coal Loading
🟢 Coal loading increased 22.5% in October 2026 up to 18 October, compared with the corresponding period in 2025.
🟢 Daily dispatches increased by an average of 87 coal rakes year-on-year.
🟢 During the first half of FY2026–27, thermal power plants received an average of 430 rakes daily, up 7.1%.
🟢 Early October loading ranged from 447–482 rakes daily, supplying an average of 2.49 million tonnes per day.
🟢 Drivers included industrial demand, seasonal electricity requirements and uneven rainfall.
🟢 Coal, Railways and Power ministries coordinated to maintain thermal power plant coal stocks above 18 million tonnes.

🔆 AGRICULTURE

📍 Khet Bachao Abhiyan (Rabi 2026)
🟢 Launched on 22 October 2026 by Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan from Karnal, Haryana.
🟢 Campaign period: 22 October–30 November 2026.
🟢 Implemented through field teams and Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) across states.
🟢 Promotes soil-test-based fertiliser use, balanced nutrient management and crop diversification.
🟢 Encourages oilseed, pulse and horticulture cultivation, efficient use of fallow land and crop-residue management.
🟢 Focus areas include water conservation, rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, natural farming and bio-based products.

🔆 ENVIRONMENT & BIODIVERSITY

📍 Eyeless Freshwater Cave Snail
🟢 Erhaia dijiang, the first freshwater cave snail documented in China, was discovered in a mountain cave in Yunnan Province.
🟢 A troglobiont, it is adapted exclusively to cave life and has lost functional eyes.
🟢 Features a translucent, cone-shaped shell, an unpigmented body and long tentacles.
🟢 Named after Di Jiang, a mythical faceless creature in the Chinese text Shan Hai Jing.
🟢 Found at an altitude of 2,062 metres, in shallow water below one metre.
🟢 Initial surveys in August 2025 found only three living adults and one empty shell, highlighting concerns about its restricted habitat.

📍 Bangka Slow Loris
🟢 The rare Bangka slow loris, last scientifically documented in the 1930s, has been confirmed alive on Indonesia’s Bangka Island.
🟢 A study published in Spixiana documented the species’ continued presence.
🟢 Between 2015 and 2025, researchers recorded over 90 individuals across Bangka’s four regencies and Pangkal Pinang.
🟢 Of the rescued animals, 86 were rehabilitated and released into protected forests.
🟢 It is a venomous primate; a secretion from an elbow gland mixes with saliva.
🟢 Major threats include tin mining, oil palm expansion and electrocution from power lines.
🟢 The supplied report describes its IUCN status as Critically Endangered (possibly extinct).

📍 Two New Subterranean Fish Species in Assam
🟢 Gitchak nakana and Rakthamichthys anchi were discovered in wells in Goalpara district, Assam; announced on 21 October 2026.
🟢 Gitchak nakana is an approximately 2 cm blind loach with a transparent body.
🟢 Rakthamichthys anchi is a slender, transparent, eel-like fish belonging to the Synbranchidae family.
🟢 Researchers used micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to examine internal structures without conventional dissection.
🟢 The discoveries highlight unexplored groundwater biodiversity and the need to protect subterranean habitats from pollution.

📍 Blue Tiger Butterfly Migration in the Western Ghats
🟢 Blue Tiger (Tirumala limniace) and other milkweed butterflies migrate towards the Western Ghats during the Northeast monsoon, October–December.
🟢 Their route extends from the plains and Eastern Ghats across Tamil Nadu and the Mysore Plateau.
🟢 The reverse movement towards the Eastern Ghats occurs during April–June, before the Southwest monsoon.
🟢 Other species include Dark Blue Tiger, Common Crow and Double-branded Crow.
🟢 Butterflies feed, mate and lay eggs in the Western Ghats; subsequent generations return eastwards.
🟢 Major threats include roadkill along migration corridors in western Tamil Nadu.

🔆 HEALTH

📍 First Documented Human Case of Shamonda Virus
🟢 French authorities reported the first documented human case of Shamonda virus in October 2026.
🟢 The patient, in their 60s and severely immunocompromised, lived near Lyon, France, and died in early October.
🟢 Shamonda virus (SHAV) is an Orthobunyavirus belonging to the Simbu serogroup.
🟢 First isolated in cattle in Nigeria in the mid-1960s.
🟢 Primarily transmitted through bites of Culicoides midges.
🟢 In livestock, it can cause fever, diarrhoea, reduced milk production and reproductive problems.
🟢 Investigators suspect infection from a midge in eastern France, where the virus had circulated among farm animals.
🟢 Authorities described the case as exceptional, with no current indication of wider human-to-human interaction.

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23 october UPSC current affairs

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🔆 IMPORTANT CASTE MOVEMENTS | MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

📍 1. Gopal Baba Walangkar
🟢 Retired Mahar army officer from Maharashtra.
🟢 Established Anarya Dosh Parihar Samaj at Dapoli, Ratnagiri.
🟢 Published Vital Vidvansak, a work of protest against Brahmanism.

📍 2. Iyothee Thass
🟢 Anti-caste activist from Tamil Nadu and practitioner of Siddha medicine.
🟢 Embraced Buddhism and encouraged oppressed castes to follow it.
🟢 Founded the Dalit Mahajan Sabha against caste discrimination.
🟢 Newspaper: Tamilan.

📍 3. Aravippuram Movement (1888)
🟢 Originated in Kerala under Sri Narayana Guru.
🟢 Challenged caste restrictions through the consecration of a Shiva idol by a member of a lower caste.
🟢 Encouraged the Ezhavas to abandon toddy-tapping and abstain from liquor.
🟢 Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP Yogam) was established in 1902–03.

📍 4. Justice Party Movement (1916)
🟢 Founded in the Madras Presidency as the South Indian Liberal Federation.
🟢 Opposed Brahmin dominance in government services, education and politics.
🟢 Sought non-Brahmin advancement through constitutional methods.
🟢 Contributed to the development of the Dravidian movement.
🟢 A 1930 Government Order provided for reservations for certain groups.
🟢 In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice Party into Dravidar Kazhagam, withdrawing it from electoral politics.
🟢 Leaders: Dr. T.M. Nair, P. Tyagaraya Chetty and C.N. Mudaliar.

📍 5. Nair Movement (1891 onwards)
🟢 Emerged in Kerala against the social and political dominance of Nambudiri and non-Malayali Brahmins.
🟢 Malayali Memorial was formed in 1891 by the initiative of Raman Pillai.
🟢 The Nair Service Society (NSS) was established in 1914 under Mannathu Padmanabhan.
🟢 Associated figures: C.V. Raman Pillai, K. Ramakrishna Pillai and Mannathu Padmanabhan.

📍 6. Self-Respect Movement (1925)
🟢 Launched in Tamil Nadu by E.V. Ramasamy Naicker (Periyar).
🟢 Challenged Brahminical dominance and promoted equality for backward classes and women.
🟢 Encouraged rationalism, social reform and the revitalisation of Dravidian languages.
🟢 Kudi Arasu was an important journal associated with Periyar.
🟢 Helped popularise Tamil nationalism and self-respect marriages.

📍 7. Nadar Movement
🟢 Originated in Tamil Nadu among the community formerly known as Shanans.
🟢 Nadars increasingly entered trade and commerce and adopted the title Nadar to assert higher social status.
🟢 Established the Nadar Mahajana Sangam in 1910.
🟢 Used Sanskritisation and organised educational and social welfare activities.

📍 8. Depressed Classes (Mahars) Movement (1924 onwards)
🟢 Led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra.
🟢 Demanded access to public places, temple entry, abolition of the Mahar Watan system and political representation.
🟢 Important organisations and publications:

• Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (1924) — established to promote the welfare of the Depressed Classes.
• Bahishkrit Bharat (1927) — Marathi fortnightly.
• Samaj Samata Sangh (1927).
• All-India Scheduled Castes Federation (1942).

📍 9. Congress-led Anti-Untouchability Movement (1917 onwards)
🟢 In 1917, the Indian National Congress adopted a resolution against untouchability.
🟢 In 1929, the Congress Working Committee appointed an Anti-Untouchability Sub-Committee, with Madan Mohan Malaviya as president and Jamnalal Bajaj as secretary.
🟢 All-India Anti-Untouchability League was established by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932.
🟢 Gandhi launched the weekly Harijan in 1933.
🟢 All-India Depressed Classes League was established under the leadership of Babu Jagjivan Ram.

🔆 UPSC MAINS QUESTION

Discuss the role of caste-based social movements in challenging social hierarchies and advancing equality in modern India.

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