🔆 ASHOKE SEN WINS OSKAR KLEIN MEDAL 2026
📍 Why in News?
🟢 Renowned Indian theoretical physicist Ashoke Sen has received the Oskar Klein Medal 2026, becoming the first Indian to receive this international honour.
🔆 About the Oskar Klein Medal
🟢 Awarded by: Stockholm University and the Nobel Committee for Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
🟢 Established: 1988.
🟢 Named after: Oskar Klein, a Swedish theoretical physicist.
🟢 Purpose: Recognises distinguished contributions to physics.
🔆 Why Was Ashoke Sen Selected?
🟢 Pioneering contributions to string theory, black hole entropy and string field theory.
🟢 Research on S-duality and precision counting of black hole entropy has helped shape modern string theory.
🟢 His work has advanced the understanding of gravity and black holes.
🟢 Other honours include the Dirac Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics.
🔆 STRING THEORY: KEY CONCEPTS
📍 Basic Idea
🟢 Proposes that the fundamental building blocks of the universe are tiny, one-dimensional vibrating strings, rather than point-like particles.
🟢 Different vibration patterns produce particles with different properties, such as mass and charge.
📍 Main Objective
🟢 Attempts to unite quantum mechanics with Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
🟢 Seeks a unified framework incorporating all four fundamental forces:
🔹 Gravity
🔹 Electromagnetism
🔹 Strong nuclear force
🔹 Weak nuclear force
📍 Scientific Significance
🟢 Offers a possible framework for understanding particles, gravity and the fundamental nature of the universe.
🔆 UPSC MAINS QUESTION
Q. What is string theory? Discuss its significance in understanding the fundamental forces of nature and the structure of the universe.
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Why in News?
🟢 Renowned Indian theoretical physicist Ashoke Sen has received the Oskar Klein Medal 2026, becoming the first Indian to receive this international honour.
🔆 About the Oskar Klein Medal
🟢 Awarded by: Stockholm University and the Nobel Committee for Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
🟢 Established: 1988.
🟢 Named after: Oskar Klein, a Swedish theoretical physicist.
🟢 Purpose: Recognises distinguished contributions to physics.
🔆 Why Was Ashoke Sen Selected?
🟢 Pioneering contributions to string theory, black hole entropy and string field theory.
🟢 Research on S-duality and precision counting of black hole entropy has helped shape modern string theory.
🟢 His work has advanced the understanding of gravity and black holes.
🟢 Other honours include the Dirac Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics.
🔆 STRING THEORY: KEY CONCEPTS
📍 Basic Idea
🟢 Proposes that the fundamental building blocks of the universe are tiny, one-dimensional vibrating strings, rather than point-like particles.
🟢 Different vibration patterns produce particles with different properties, such as mass and charge.
📍 Main Objective
🟢 Attempts to unite quantum mechanics with Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
🟢 Seeks a unified framework incorporating all four fundamental forces:
🔹 Gravity
🔹 Electromagnetism
🔹 Strong nuclear force
🔹 Weak nuclear force
📍 Scientific Significance
🟢 Offers a possible framework for understanding particles, gravity and the fundamental nature of the universe.
🔆 UPSC MAINS QUESTION
Q. What is string theory? Discuss its significance in understanding the fundamental forces of nature and the structure of the universe.
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
❤7
#goodmorning
⏳209 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳297 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳90 day left APPSC prelims 24 jan
⏳55 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳48 days left HPAS prelims 13 dec
⏳41 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳37 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳28 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳21 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳03 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳209 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳297 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳90 day left APPSC prelims 24 jan
⏳55 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳48 days left HPAS prelims 13 dec
⏳41 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳37 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳28 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳21 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳03 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤1
🔆 ONE-LINERS | 23 OCTOBER 2026
🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE
📍 Commemorative Coin Honouring Sindhi Saint
🟢 President Droupadi Murmu released a ₹200 commemorative coin marking the 200th birth anniversary of Pujya Mata Sahib Hasi Devi Ji.
🟢 She was the fifth spiritual head of Shadani Darbar, revered by the Sindhi community.
🟢 The coin was unveiled at Lok Bhavan, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
🟢 It features her portrait on one side and the Ashoka Pillar with the denomination on the reverse.
🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
📍 Telecommunications (Regulatory Sandbox) Rules, 2026
🟢 Notified by the Department of Telecommunications under the Telecommunications Act, 2023.
🟢 Enables controlled, real-world testing of emerging telecom technologies, including 5G and IoT.
🟢 Eligible entities include startups, companies and R&D organisations.
🟢 Application processing fee: ₹10,000, with prior laboratory test reports required.
🟢 Initial validity: Up to 24 months, with possible 12-month extensions.
🟢 Prohibits commercial sales and user charges during trials; requires informed consent and record retention for at least one year after validity expires.
🟢 Participants must submit an outcome report upon completion.
🔆 ECONOMY
📍 VOC Port’s Green Terminal Initiative
🟢 Tuticorin International Container Terminal (TICT) at VOC Port, Tamil Nadu, became a Green Terminal after electrifying 100% of its operational equipment.
🟢 Introduced 13 electric Internal Transfer Vehicles (E-ITVs) for cleaner container handling.
🟢 VOC Port is developing methanol bunkering, a green hydrogen pilot project and wind-energy facilities.
🟢 The Outer Harbour Project, involving investment exceeding ₹15,000 crore, aims to add 4 MTPA capacity.
🟢 Supports maritime decarbonisation and Tamil Nadu’s role as a southern Indian transhipment hub.
📍 Indian Railways: Record Coal Loading
🟢 Coal loading increased 22.5% in October 2026 up to 18 October, compared with the corresponding period in 2025.
🟢 Daily dispatches increased by an average of 87 coal rakes year-on-year.
🟢 During the first half of FY2026–27, thermal power plants received an average of 430 rakes daily, up 7.1%.
🟢 Early October loading ranged from 447–482 rakes daily, supplying an average of 2.49 million tonnes per day.
🟢 Drivers included industrial demand, seasonal electricity requirements and uneven rainfall.
🟢 Coal, Railways and Power ministries coordinated to maintain thermal power plant coal stocks above 18 million tonnes.
🔆 AGRICULTURE
📍 Khet Bachao Abhiyan (Rabi 2026)
🟢 Launched on 22 October 2026 by Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan from Karnal, Haryana.
🟢 Campaign period: 22 October–30 November 2026.
🟢 Implemented through field teams and Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) across states.
🟢 Promotes soil-test-based fertiliser use, balanced nutrient management and crop diversification.
🟢 Encourages oilseed, pulse and horticulture cultivation, efficient use of fallow land and crop-residue management.
🟢 Focus areas include water conservation, rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, natural farming and bio-based products.
🔆 ENVIRONMENT & BIODIVERSITY
📍 Eyeless Freshwater Cave Snail
🟢 Erhaia dijiang, the first freshwater cave snail documented in China, was discovered in a mountain cave in Yunnan Province.
🟢 A troglobiont, it is adapted exclusively to cave life and has lost functional eyes.
🟢 Features a translucent, cone-shaped shell, an unpigmented body and long tentacles.
🟢 Named after Di Jiang, a mythical faceless creature in the Chinese text Shan Hai Jing.
🟢 Found at an altitude of 2,062 metres, in shallow water below one metre.
🟢 Initial surveys in August 2025 found only three living adults and one empty shell, highlighting concerns about its restricted habitat.
📍 Bangka Slow Loris
🟢 The rare Bangka slow loris, last scientifically documented in the 1930s, has been confirmed alive on Indonesia’s Bangka Island.
🟢 A study published in Spixiana documented the species’ continued presence.
🟢 Between 2015 and 2025, researchers recorded over 90 individuals across Bangka’s four regencies and Pangkal Pinang.
🟢 Of the rescued animals, 86 were rehabilitated and released into protected forests.
🟢 It is a venomous primate; a secretion from an elbow gland mixes with saliva.
🟢 Major threats include tin mining, oil palm expansion and electrocution from power lines.
🟢 The supplied report describes its IUCN status as Critically Endangered (possibly extinct).
📍 Two New Subterranean Fish Species in Assam
🟢 Gitchak nakana and Rakthamichthys anchi were discovered in wells in Goalpara district, Assam; announced on 21 October 2026.
🟢 Gitchak nakana is an approximately 2 cm blind loach with a transparent body.
🟢 Rakthamichthys anchi is a slender, transparent, eel-like fish belonging to the Synbranchidae family.
🟢 Researchers used micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to examine internal structures without conventional dissection.
🟢 The discoveries highlight unexplored groundwater biodiversity and the need to protect subterranean habitats from pollution.
📍 Blue Tiger Butterfly Migration in the Western Ghats
🟢 Blue Tiger (Tirumala limniace) and other milkweed butterflies migrate towards the Western Ghats during the Northeast monsoon, October–December.
🟢 Their route extends from the plains and Eastern Ghats across Tamil Nadu and the Mysore Plateau.
🟢 The reverse movement towards the Eastern Ghats occurs during April–June, before the Southwest monsoon.
🟢 Other species include Dark Blue Tiger, Common Crow and Double-branded Crow.
🟢 Butterflies feed, mate and lay eggs in the Western Ghats; subsequent generations return eastwards.
🟢 Major threats include roadkill along migration corridors in western Tamil Nadu.
🔆 HEALTH
📍 First Documented Human Case of Shamonda Virus
🟢 French authorities reported the first documented human case of Shamonda virus in October 2026.
🟢 The patient, in their 60s and severely immunocompromised, lived near Lyon, France, and died in early October.
🟢 Shamonda virus (SHAV) is an Orthobunyavirus belonging to the Simbu serogroup.
🟢 First isolated in cattle in Nigeria in the mid-1960s.
🟢 Primarily transmitted through bites of Culicoides midges.
🟢 In livestock, it can cause fever, diarrhoea, reduced milk production and reproductive problems.
🟢 Investigators suspect infection from a midge in eastern France, where the virus had circulated among farm animals.
🟢 Authorities described the case as exceptional, with no current indication of wider human-to-human interaction.
#CurrentAffairs
🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE
📍 Commemorative Coin Honouring Sindhi Saint
🟢 President Droupadi Murmu released a ₹200 commemorative coin marking the 200th birth anniversary of Pujya Mata Sahib Hasi Devi Ji.
🟢 She was the fifth spiritual head of Shadani Darbar, revered by the Sindhi community.
🟢 The coin was unveiled at Lok Bhavan, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
🟢 It features her portrait on one side and the Ashoka Pillar with the denomination on the reverse.
🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
📍 Telecommunications (Regulatory Sandbox) Rules, 2026
🟢 Notified by the Department of Telecommunications under the Telecommunications Act, 2023.
🟢 Enables controlled, real-world testing of emerging telecom technologies, including 5G and IoT.
🟢 Eligible entities include startups, companies and R&D organisations.
🟢 Application processing fee: ₹10,000, with prior laboratory test reports required.
🟢 Initial validity: Up to 24 months, with possible 12-month extensions.
🟢 Prohibits commercial sales and user charges during trials; requires informed consent and record retention for at least one year after validity expires.
🟢 Participants must submit an outcome report upon completion.
🔆 ECONOMY
📍 VOC Port’s Green Terminal Initiative
🟢 Tuticorin International Container Terminal (TICT) at VOC Port, Tamil Nadu, became a Green Terminal after electrifying 100% of its operational equipment.
🟢 Introduced 13 electric Internal Transfer Vehicles (E-ITVs) for cleaner container handling.
🟢 VOC Port is developing methanol bunkering, a green hydrogen pilot project and wind-energy facilities.
🟢 The Outer Harbour Project, involving investment exceeding ₹15,000 crore, aims to add 4 MTPA capacity.
🟢 Supports maritime decarbonisation and Tamil Nadu’s role as a southern Indian transhipment hub.
📍 Indian Railways: Record Coal Loading
🟢 Coal loading increased 22.5% in October 2026 up to 18 October, compared with the corresponding period in 2025.
🟢 Daily dispatches increased by an average of 87 coal rakes year-on-year.
🟢 During the first half of FY2026–27, thermal power plants received an average of 430 rakes daily, up 7.1%.
🟢 Early October loading ranged from 447–482 rakes daily, supplying an average of 2.49 million tonnes per day.
🟢 Drivers included industrial demand, seasonal electricity requirements and uneven rainfall.
🟢 Coal, Railways and Power ministries coordinated to maintain thermal power plant coal stocks above 18 million tonnes.
🔆 AGRICULTURE
📍 Khet Bachao Abhiyan (Rabi 2026)
🟢 Launched on 22 October 2026 by Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan from Karnal, Haryana.
🟢 Campaign period: 22 October–30 November 2026.
🟢 Implemented through field teams and Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) across states.
🟢 Promotes soil-test-based fertiliser use, balanced nutrient management and crop diversification.
🟢 Encourages oilseed, pulse and horticulture cultivation, efficient use of fallow land and crop-residue management.
🟢 Focus areas include water conservation, rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, natural farming and bio-based products.
🔆 ENVIRONMENT & BIODIVERSITY
📍 Eyeless Freshwater Cave Snail
🟢 Erhaia dijiang, the first freshwater cave snail documented in China, was discovered in a mountain cave in Yunnan Province.
🟢 A troglobiont, it is adapted exclusively to cave life and has lost functional eyes.
🟢 Features a translucent, cone-shaped shell, an unpigmented body and long tentacles.
🟢 Named after Di Jiang, a mythical faceless creature in the Chinese text Shan Hai Jing.
🟢 Found at an altitude of 2,062 metres, in shallow water below one metre.
🟢 Initial surveys in August 2025 found only three living adults and one empty shell, highlighting concerns about its restricted habitat.
📍 Bangka Slow Loris
🟢 The rare Bangka slow loris, last scientifically documented in the 1930s, has been confirmed alive on Indonesia’s Bangka Island.
🟢 A study published in Spixiana documented the species’ continued presence.
🟢 Between 2015 and 2025, researchers recorded over 90 individuals across Bangka’s four regencies and Pangkal Pinang.
🟢 Of the rescued animals, 86 were rehabilitated and released into protected forests.
🟢 It is a venomous primate; a secretion from an elbow gland mixes with saliva.
🟢 Major threats include tin mining, oil palm expansion and electrocution from power lines.
🟢 The supplied report describes its IUCN status as Critically Endangered (possibly extinct).
📍 Two New Subterranean Fish Species in Assam
🟢 Gitchak nakana and Rakthamichthys anchi were discovered in wells in Goalpara district, Assam; announced on 21 October 2026.
🟢 Gitchak nakana is an approximately 2 cm blind loach with a transparent body.
🟢 Rakthamichthys anchi is a slender, transparent, eel-like fish belonging to the Synbranchidae family.
🟢 Researchers used micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to examine internal structures without conventional dissection.
🟢 The discoveries highlight unexplored groundwater biodiversity and the need to protect subterranean habitats from pollution.
📍 Blue Tiger Butterfly Migration in the Western Ghats
🟢 Blue Tiger (Tirumala limniace) and other milkweed butterflies migrate towards the Western Ghats during the Northeast monsoon, October–December.
🟢 Their route extends from the plains and Eastern Ghats across Tamil Nadu and the Mysore Plateau.
🟢 The reverse movement towards the Eastern Ghats occurs during April–June, before the Southwest monsoon.
🟢 Other species include Dark Blue Tiger, Common Crow and Double-branded Crow.
🟢 Butterflies feed, mate and lay eggs in the Western Ghats; subsequent generations return eastwards.
🟢 Major threats include roadkill along migration corridors in western Tamil Nadu.
🔆 HEALTH
📍 First Documented Human Case of Shamonda Virus
🟢 French authorities reported the first documented human case of Shamonda virus in October 2026.
🟢 The patient, in their 60s and severely immunocompromised, lived near Lyon, France, and died in early October.
🟢 Shamonda virus (SHAV) is an Orthobunyavirus belonging to the Simbu serogroup.
🟢 First isolated in cattle in Nigeria in the mid-1960s.
🟢 Primarily transmitted through bites of Culicoides midges.
🟢 In livestock, it can cause fever, diarrhoea, reduced milk production and reproductive problems.
🟢 Investigators suspect infection from a midge in eastern France, where the virus had circulated among farm animals.
🟢 Authorities described the case as exceptional, with no current indication of wider human-to-human interaction.
#CurrentAffairs
❤5
🚀 EPFO Express Accelerator Program 🚀 BY ANMOL VACHAN
🎯 Complete EPFO APFC Preparation. One Powerful Program!
📚 WHAT YOU GET
✅ 40 High-Yield MCQs Every Day (maths reasoning 20 MCQ without explanation)
✅ 2,000+ Questions for Practice & Revision
✅ Detailed Explanations for Every Question
✅ Coverage of ALL MAJOR EPFO APFC EXAM SUBJECTS
✅ Exam-Oriented Practice to Improve Accuracy & Confidence
✅ 9:30 pm live bot quiz telegram group , Then all que details explanation telegram channel
✅ Sunday off for revision
📖 SUBJECTS COVERED
🔹 Labour Laws & Industrial Relations
🔹 Indian Polity & Constitution
🔹 Indian Economy
🔹 History & Culture
🔹 Geography
🔹 General Science
🔹 English Language
🔹 Quantitative Aptitude & Reasoning
🔹 Computer Awareness
🔹 Accounting & Auditing
🔹 Social Security in India
🔹 Insurance
🔹 Current Affairs & General Awareness
🔥 SPECIAL LAUNCH OFFER
Regular Fee: ₹499
💥 Offer Price: ₹299 ONLY
🎉 40% DISCOUNT
📢 ENROLL NOW 👉 https://t.me/EPFO_admin_bot
Sample question click here
✅ EPFO notes click here
🎯 Complete EPFO APFC Preparation. One Powerful Program!
📚 WHAT YOU GET
✅ 40 High-Yield MCQs Every Day (maths reasoning 20 MCQ without explanation)
✅ 2,000+ Questions for Practice & Revision
✅ Detailed Explanations for Every Question
✅ Coverage of ALL MAJOR EPFO APFC EXAM SUBJECTS
✅ Exam-Oriented Practice to Improve Accuracy & Confidence
✅ 9:30 pm live bot quiz telegram group , Then all que details explanation telegram channel
✅ Sunday off for revision
📖 SUBJECTS COVERED
🔹 Labour Laws & Industrial Relations
🔹 Indian Polity & Constitution
🔹 Indian Economy
🔹 History & Culture
🔹 Geography
🔹 General Science
🔹 English Language
🔹 Quantitative Aptitude & Reasoning
🔹 Computer Awareness
🔹 Accounting & Auditing
🔹 Social Security in India
🔹 Insurance
🔹 Current Affairs & General Awareness
🔥 SPECIAL LAUNCH OFFER
Regular Fee: ₹499
💥 Offer Price: ₹299 ONLY
🎉 40% DISCOUNT
📢 ENROLL NOW 👉 https://t.me/EPFO_admin_bot
Sample question click here
✅ EPFO notes click here
🔆 IMPORTANT CASTE MOVEMENTS | MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
📍 1. Gopal Baba Walangkar
🟢 Retired Mahar army officer from Maharashtra.
🟢 Established Anarya Dosh Parihar Samaj at Dapoli, Ratnagiri.
🟢 Published Vital Vidvansak, a work of protest against Brahmanism.
📍 2. Iyothee Thass
🟢 Anti-caste activist from Tamil Nadu and practitioner of Siddha medicine.
🟢 Embraced Buddhism and encouraged oppressed castes to follow it.
🟢 Founded the Dalit Mahajan Sabha against caste discrimination.
🟢 Newspaper: Tamilan.
📍 3. Aravippuram Movement (1888)
🟢 Originated in Kerala under Sri Narayana Guru.
🟢 Challenged caste restrictions through the consecration of a Shiva idol by a member of a lower caste.
🟢 Encouraged the Ezhavas to abandon toddy-tapping and abstain from liquor.
🟢 Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP Yogam) was established in 1902–03.
📍 4. Justice Party Movement (1916)
🟢 Founded in the Madras Presidency as the South Indian Liberal Federation.
🟢 Opposed Brahmin dominance in government services, education and politics.
🟢 Sought non-Brahmin advancement through constitutional methods.
🟢 Contributed to the development of the Dravidian movement.
🟢 A 1930 Government Order provided for reservations for certain groups.
🟢 In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice Party into Dravidar Kazhagam, withdrawing it from electoral politics.
🟢 Leaders: Dr. T.M. Nair, P. Tyagaraya Chetty and C.N. Mudaliar.
📍 5. Nair Movement (1891 onwards)
🟢 Emerged in Kerala against the social and political dominance of Nambudiri and non-Malayali Brahmins.
🟢 Malayali Memorial was formed in 1891 by the initiative of Raman Pillai.
🟢 The Nair Service Society (NSS) was established in 1914 under Mannathu Padmanabhan.
🟢 Associated figures: C.V. Raman Pillai, K. Ramakrishna Pillai and Mannathu Padmanabhan.
📍 6. Self-Respect Movement (1925)
🟢 Launched in Tamil Nadu by E.V. Ramasamy Naicker (Periyar).
🟢 Challenged Brahminical dominance and promoted equality for backward classes and women.
🟢 Encouraged rationalism, social reform and the revitalisation of Dravidian languages.
🟢 Kudi Arasu was an important journal associated with Periyar.
🟢 Helped popularise Tamil nationalism and self-respect marriages.
📍 7. Nadar Movement
🟢 Originated in Tamil Nadu among the community formerly known as Shanans.
🟢 Nadars increasingly entered trade and commerce and adopted the title Nadar to assert higher social status.
🟢 Established the Nadar Mahajana Sangam in 1910.
🟢 Used Sanskritisation and organised educational and social welfare activities.
📍 8. Depressed Classes (Mahars) Movement (1924 onwards)
🟢 Led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra.
🟢 Demanded access to public places, temple entry, abolition of the Mahar Watan system and political representation.
🟢 Important organisations and publications:
• Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (1924) — established to promote the welfare of the Depressed Classes.
• Bahishkrit Bharat (1927) — Marathi fortnightly.
• Samaj Samata Sangh (1927).
• All-India Scheduled Castes Federation (1942).
📍 9. Congress-led Anti-Untouchability Movement (1917 onwards)
🟢 In 1917, the Indian National Congress adopted a resolution against untouchability.
🟢 In 1929, the Congress Working Committee appointed an Anti-Untouchability Sub-Committee, with Madan Mohan Malaviya as president and Jamnalal Bajaj as secretary.
🟢 All-India Anti-Untouchability League was established by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932.
🟢 Gandhi launched the weekly Harijan in 1933.
🟢 All-India Depressed Classes League was established under the leadership of Babu Jagjivan Ram.
🔆 UPSC MAINS QUESTION
Discuss the role of caste-based social movements in challenging social hierarchies and advancing equality in modern India.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍 1. Gopal Baba Walangkar
🟢 Retired Mahar army officer from Maharashtra.
🟢 Established Anarya Dosh Parihar Samaj at Dapoli, Ratnagiri.
🟢 Published Vital Vidvansak, a work of protest against Brahmanism.
📍 2. Iyothee Thass
🟢 Anti-caste activist from Tamil Nadu and practitioner of Siddha medicine.
🟢 Embraced Buddhism and encouraged oppressed castes to follow it.
🟢 Founded the Dalit Mahajan Sabha against caste discrimination.
🟢 Newspaper: Tamilan.
📍 3. Aravippuram Movement (1888)
🟢 Originated in Kerala under Sri Narayana Guru.
🟢 Challenged caste restrictions through the consecration of a Shiva idol by a member of a lower caste.
🟢 Encouraged the Ezhavas to abandon toddy-tapping and abstain from liquor.
🟢 Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP Yogam) was established in 1902–03.
📍 4. Justice Party Movement (1916)
🟢 Founded in the Madras Presidency as the South Indian Liberal Federation.
🟢 Opposed Brahmin dominance in government services, education and politics.
🟢 Sought non-Brahmin advancement through constitutional methods.
🟢 Contributed to the development of the Dravidian movement.
🟢 A 1930 Government Order provided for reservations for certain groups.
🟢 In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice Party into Dravidar Kazhagam, withdrawing it from electoral politics.
🟢 Leaders: Dr. T.M. Nair, P. Tyagaraya Chetty and C.N. Mudaliar.
📍 5. Nair Movement (1891 onwards)
🟢 Emerged in Kerala against the social and political dominance of Nambudiri and non-Malayali Brahmins.
🟢 Malayali Memorial was formed in 1891 by the initiative of Raman Pillai.
🟢 The Nair Service Society (NSS) was established in 1914 under Mannathu Padmanabhan.
🟢 Associated figures: C.V. Raman Pillai, K. Ramakrishna Pillai and Mannathu Padmanabhan.
📍 6. Self-Respect Movement (1925)
🟢 Launched in Tamil Nadu by E.V. Ramasamy Naicker (Periyar).
🟢 Challenged Brahminical dominance and promoted equality for backward classes and women.
🟢 Encouraged rationalism, social reform and the revitalisation of Dravidian languages.
🟢 Kudi Arasu was an important journal associated with Periyar.
🟢 Helped popularise Tamil nationalism and self-respect marriages.
📍 7. Nadar Movement
🟢 Originated in Tamil Nadu among the community formerly known as Shanans.
🟢 Nadars increasingly entered trade and commerce and adopted the title Nadar to assert higher social status.
🟢 Established the Nadar Mahajana Sangam in 1910.
🟢 Used Sanskritisation and organised educational and social welfare activities.
📍 8. Depressed Classes (Mahars) Movement (1924 onwards)
🟢 Led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra.
🟢 Demanded access to public places, temple entry, abolition of the Mahar Watan system and political representation.
🟢 Important organisations and publications:
• Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (1924) — established to promote the welfare of the Depressed Classes.
• Bahishkrit Bharat (1927) — Marathi fortnightly.
• Samaj Samata Sangh (1927).
• All-India Scheduled Castes Federation (1942).
📍 9. Congress-led Anti-Untouchability Movement (1917 onwards)
🟢 In 1917, the Indian National Congress adopted a resolution against untouchability.
🟢 In 1929, the Congress Working Committee appointed an Anti-Untouchability Sub-Committee, with Madan Mohan Malaviya as president and Jamnalal Bajaj as secretary.
🟢 All-India Anti-Untouchability League was established by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932.
🟢 Gandhi launched the weekly Harijan in 1933.
🟢 All-India Depressed Classes League was established under the leadership of Babu Jagjivan Ram.
🔆 UPSC MAINS QUESTION
Discuss the role of caste-based social movements in challenging social hierarchies and advancing equality in modern India.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
❤2
⏳ EPFO APFC Countdown: 50 Days Left! ⏳
The competition is revising faster and practicing daily. Are you keeping up?
Upgrade your rank with the ANMOL VACHAN Revision + Practice Ecosystem:
📊 THE 5-SUBJECT SHORT NOTES PACK
• Accounting (35+ Pgs) | Labour Code (35+ Pgs) | English (50 Pgs) | Insurance (40 Pgs) | Auditing (30+ Pgs)
• Short, point-wise facts, quick-revision tables, and flowcharts.
💸 Price: ₹350500
THE EPFO EXPRESS accelerator program 26 october Star
• 40 Fresh MCQs delivered daily to test your preparation level.
• Designed specifically around recent exam patterns and high-yield topics.
💸 Price: ₹299499
🔥 THE SUPER COMBO OFFER (Notes + MCQs)
• Total Revision Notes + Daily MCQ Practice.
👑 Price: ONLY ₹600 (Massive value-for-money discount)
Enrollment - https://t.me/EPFO_Notes_bot
The competition is revising faster and practicing daily. Are you keeping up?
Upgrade your rank with the ANMOL VACHAN Revision + Practice Ecosystem:
📊 THE 5-SUBJECT SHORT NOTES PACK
• Accounting (35+ Pgs) | Labour Code (35+ Pgs) | English (50 Pgs) | Insurance (40 Pgs) | Auditing (30+ Pgs)
• Short, point-wise facts, quick-revision tables, and flowcharts.
💸 Price: ₹350
THE EPFO EXPRESS accelerator program 26 october Star
• 40 Fresh MCQs delivered daily to test your preparation level.
• Designed specifically around recent exam patterns and high-yield topics.
💸 Price: ₹299
🔥 THE SUPER COMBO OFFER (Notes + MCQs)
• Total Revision Notes + Daily MCQ Practice.
👑 Price: ONLY ₹600 (Massive value-for-money discount)
Enrollment - https://t.me/EPFO_Notes_bot
First Academy in India dedicated to “ONLY PRELIMS” exam.
For last 10 years, we are dealing “only” with UPSC “Prelims” exam.
📝Solve the above questions for UPSC PRELIMS 2027:
https://www.goaltideias.com/startdailyquizs-detail/1708
Solve daily FREE questions:
https://www.goaltideias.com/dailyquiz
Telegram Channel Link: https://t.me/goalTide
Abhishek sir
Contact details: 8512889220
For last 10 years, we are dealing “only” with UPSC “Prelims” exam.
📝Solve the above questions for UPSC PRELIMS 2027:
https://www.goaltideias.com/startdailyquizs-detail/1708
Solve daily FREE questions:
https://www.goaltideias.com/dailyquiz
Telegram Channel Link: https://t.me/goalTide
Abhishek sir
Contact details: 8512889220
#goodmorning
⏳208 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳296 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳79 day left APPSC prelims 24 jan
⏳54 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳47 days left HPAS prelims 13 dec
⏳48 days left UGC NET 14 dec
⏳40 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳36 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳27 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳20 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳02 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳208 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳296 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳79 day left APPSC prelims 24 jan
⏳54 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳47 days left HPAS prelims 13 dec
⏳48 days left UGC NET 14 dec
⏳40 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳36 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳27 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳20 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳02 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤1
🔆 ONE-LINERS | 24 OCTOBER 2026
🔆 GEOGRAPHY
📍 Earthquake in China
🟢 A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Baqên County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, on 22 October 2026.
🟢 Epicentre: Baqên County, Nagqu City, at an altitude of approximately 4,864 metres.
🟢 The shallow earthquake occurred at a depth of less than 10 km.
🟢 At least 16 people were reported dead, with dozens injured and over 12,000 residents evacuated.
🟢 Authorities activated a Level-II earthquake emergency response to conduct rescue and relief operations.
🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & ISSUES
📍 United Nations Day 2026
🟢 Observed on 24 October, marking the 81st anniversary of the UN Charter’s entry into force in 1945.
🟢 UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for dialogue, cooperation and solidarity to address global challenges.
🟢 In India, the UN hosted a special reception in New Delhi attended by Kirti Vardhan Singh, Minister of State for External Affairs and Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
🟢 External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar reaffirmed India’s commitment to the UN Charter.
📍 Social Media Ban in Greece
🟢 Greece approved legislation on 23 October 2026 restricting social media access for children under 15 years.
🟢 The ban is scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2027.
🟢 Platforms mentioned include Instagram, Facebook, TikTok and LinkedIn.
🟢 Digital age-verification mechanisms will be used to confirm eligibility while protecting users’ identities.
🟢 The legislation restricts social media access, not general internet use or educational digital services.
📍 Alberta’s Referendum, Canada
🟢 A non-binding referendum examined support for remaining in Canada versus initiating a legal process towards an independence referendum.
🟢 Nearly 75% of counted votes favoured remaining within Canada.
🟢 Approximately 1.54 million of 2.06 million counted votes supported Canadian unity.
🟢 Separatist sentiment is linked to Alberta’s oil wealth, federal environmental regulations and perceived fiscal imbalance.
🟢 Alberta produces over 80% of Canada’s crude oil, making it strategically important to national energy security.
🔆 ECONOMY & BLUE ECONOMY
📍 India’s First Full-Fledged Open-Sea Mussel Longline Farm
🟢 Launched on 21 October 2026 by the ICAR–Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) at Vizhinjam, Kerala.
🟢 Part of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)-funded Blue Growth Project.
🟢 Sanctioned funding: ₹152 lakh.
🟢 The unit uses specially designed HDPE floats, parallel mainlines, suspended mussel-culture ropes and an anchoring system.
🟢 A multi-species shellfish hatchery supplies seeds of green mussel (Perna viridis) and brown mussel (Perna indica).
🟢 Aims to promote sustainable aquaculture and reduce dependence on seasonal wild seed collection.
🔆 ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE CHANGE
📍 International Day of the Snow Leopard 2026
🟢 Observed annually on 23 October to promote conservation of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia).
🟢 The date is associated with the 2013 Bishkek Declaration; the UN General Assembly proclaimed the observance.
🟢 Known as the “Ghost of the Mountains”, the species inhabits high-altitude mountain ecosystems across Central and South Asia.
🟢 India’s estimated population: 718 snow leopards.
🟢 Indian habitats include Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
🟢 Major threats include habitat loss, climate change, prey depletion, poaching, illegal trafficking and retaliatory killings.
🟢 Conservation efforts emphasise community participation, livestock protection and coexistence with local herders.
📍 UN Loss and Damage Fund: Assistance for Nepal
🟢 On 22 October 2026, the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage provisionally earmarked approximately US$20 million for Nepal’s recovery from the August 2026 disasters.
🟢 The fund was established following COP27 in 2022.
🟢 The August disaster involved flash floods, mudslides and ice-rock avalanches associated with glacier-related hazards.
🟢 Nepal estimated total economic and reconstruction losses at approximately US$4.7–5 billion.
🟢 The allocation is provisional; Nepal must submit a detailed project proposal before disbursement.
🟢 The fund had received approximately US$820 million in pledges, while developing countries’ requests for support exceeded US$2.8 billion.
🔆 SECURITY & MARITIME
📍 Indian Coast Guard’s Maiden Yacht Sailing Expedition
🟢 The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) launched its maiden yacht sailing expedition aboard Antara from Chennai.
🟢 Flagged off by Inspector General Yoginder Dhaka, Commander, Coast Guard Region East.
🟢 Organised as part of the ICG’s 50th-anniversary (Golden Jubilee) celebrations.
🟢 Planned route: Chennai to Kochi, followed by international passages to Sri Lanka and the Maldives.
🟢 Promotes seamanship, navigation, endurance, teamwork and maritime careers among young people.
🔆 SCIENCE & HEALTH
📍 Ebola Bundibugyo Strain Confirmed in Nigeria
🟢 Nigeria confirmed an imported case of Bundibugyo virus disease in Abuja on 20 October 2026.
🟢 The patient arrived from Uganda on 3 October and developed symptoms on 7 October.
🟢 Initial medical treatment was sought on 11 October; laboratory testing subsequently confirmed the virus.
🟢 The case is linked to the wider outbreak originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
🟢 The patient was placed in isolation and received medical care; authorities initiated contact tracing.
🔆 SPORTS
📍 Commonwealth Kabaddi Championship 2026
🟢 The inaugural championship is being held from 23–31 October 2026 at the Veer Savarkar Sports Complex, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
🟢 Men’s competition: 13 teams divided into two groups.
🟢 Group A: India, Nigeria, Malaysia, Uganda, England, Tanzania and Sri Lanka.
🟢 Group B: Bangladesh, Kenya, Canada, Australia, Scotland and Singapore.
🟢 India’s men’s team captain: Surjeet Singh; vice-captain: Naveen Kumar.
🟢 The inaugural women’s competition features 10 teams.
🟢 Semi-finals: 30 October; finals: 31 October 2026.
#CurrentAffairs
🔆 GEOGRAPHY
📍 Earthquake in China
🟢 A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Baqên County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, on 22 October 2026.
🟢 Epicentre: Baqên County, Nagqu City, at an altitude of approximately 4,864 metres.
🟢 The shallow earthquake occurred at a depth of less than 10 km.
🟢 At least 16 people were reported dead, with dozens injured and over 12,000 residents evacuated.
🟢 Authorities activated a Level-II earthquake emergency response to conduct rescue and relief operations.
🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & ISSUES
📍 United Nations Day 2026
🟢 Observed on 24 October, marking the 81st anniversary of the UN Charter’s entry into force in 1945.
🟢 UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for dialogue, cooperation and solidarity to address global challenges.
🟢 In India, the UN hosted a special reception in New Delhi attended by Kirti Vardhan Singh, Minister of State for External Affairs and Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
🟢 External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar reaffirmed India’s commitment to the UN Charter.
📍 Social Media Ban in Greece
🟢 Greece approved legislation on 23 October 2026 restricting social media access for children under 15 years.
🟢 The ban is scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2027.
🟢 Platforms mentioned include Instagram, Facebook, TikTok and LinkedIn.
🟢 Digital age-verification mechanisms will be used to confirm eligibility while protecting users’ identities.
🟢 The legislation restricts social media access, not general internet use or educational digital services.
📍 Alberta’s Referendum, Canada
🟢 A non-binding referendum examined support for remaining in Canada versus initiating a legal process towards an independence referendum.
🟢 Nearly 75% of counted votes favoured remaining within Canada.
🟢 Approximately 1.54 million of 2.06 million counted votes supported Canadian unity.
🟢 Separatist sentiment is linked to Alberta’s oil wealth, federal environmental regulations and perceived fiscal imbalance.
🟢 Alberta produces over 80% of Canada’s crude oil, making it strategically important to national energy security.
🔆 ECONOMY & BLUE ECONOMY
📍 India’s First Full-Fledged Open-Sea Mussel Longline Farm
🟢 Launched on 21 October 2026 by the ICAR–Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) at Vizhinjam, Kerala.
🟢 Part of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)-funded Blue Growth Project.
🟢 Sanctioned funding: ₹152 lakh.
🟢 The unit uses specially designed HDPE floats, parallel mainlines, suspended mussel-culture ropes and an anchoring system.
🟢 A multi-species shellfish hatchery supplies seeds of green mussel (Perna viridis) and brown mussel (Perna indica).
🟢 Aims to promote sustainable aquaculture and reduce dependence on seasonal wild seed collection.
🔆 ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE CHANGE
📍 International Day of the Snow Leopard 2026
🟢 Observed annually on 23 October to promote conservation of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia).
🟢 The date is associated with the 2013 Bishkek Declaration; the UN General Assembly proclaimed the observance.
🟢 Known as the “Ghost of the Mountains”, the species inhabits high-altitude mountain ecosystems across Central and South Asia.
🟢 India’s estimated population: 718 snow leopards.
🟢 Indian habitats include Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
🟢 Major threats include habitat loss, climate change, prey depletion, poaching, illegal trafficking and retaliatory killings.
🟢 Conservation efforts emphasise community participation, livestock protection and coexistence with local herders.
📍 UN Loss and Damage Fund: Assistance for Nepal
🟢 On 22 October 2026, the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage provisionally earmarked approximately US$20 million for Nepal’s recovery from the August 2026 disasters.
🟢 The fund was established following COP27 in 2022.
🟢 The August disaster involved flash floods, mudslides and ice-rock avalanches associated with glacier-related hazards.
🟢 Nepal estimated total economic and reconstruction losses at approximately US$4.7–5 billion.
🟢 The allocation is provisional; Nepal must submit a detailed project proposal before disbursement.
🟢 The fund had received approximately US$820 million in pledges, while developing countries’ requests for support exceeded US$2.8 billion.
🔆 SECURITY & MARITIME
📍 Indian Coast Guard’s Maiden Yacht Sailing Expedition
🟢 The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) launched its maiden yacht sailing expedition aboard Antara from Chennai.
🟢 Flagged off by Inspector General Yoginder Dhaka, Commander, Coast Guard Region East.
🟢 Organised as part of the ICG’s 50th-anniversary (Golden Jubilee) celebrations.
🟢 Planned route: Chennai to Kochi, followed by international passages to Sri Lanka and the Maldives.
🟢 Promotes seamanship, navigation, endurance, teamwork and maritime careers among young people.
🔆 SCIENCE & HEALTH
📍 Ebola Bundibugyo Strain Confirmed in Nigeria
🟢 Nigeria confirmed an imported case of Bundibugyo virus disease in Abuja on 20 October 2026.
🟢 The patient arrived from Uganda on 3 October and developed symptoms on 7 October.
🟢 Initial medical treatment was sought on 11 October; laboratory testing subsequently confirmed the virus.
🟢 The case is linked to the wider outbreak originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
🟢 The patient was placed in isolation and received medical care; authorities initiated contact tracing.
🔆 SPORTS
📍 Commonwealth Kabaddi Championship 2026
🟢 The inaugural championship is being held from 23–31 October 2026 at the Veer Savarkar Sports Complex, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
🟢 Men’s competition: 13 teams divided into two groups.
🟢 Group A: India, Nigeria, Malaysia, Uganda, England, Tanzania and Sri Lanka.
🟢 Group B: Bangladesh, Kenya, Canada, Australia, Scotland and Singapore.
🟢 India’s men’s team captain: Surjeet Singh; vice-captain: Naveen Kumar.
🟢 The inaugural women’s competition features 10 teams.
🟢 Semi-finals: 30 October; finals: 31 October 2026.
#CurrentAffairs
❤5
World Day for Audiovisual Heritage is observed every year on 27 October to raise awareness about the importance of preserving audiovisual materials, including films, radio and television recordings, for future generations.
❤1