🔆 JAINISM: 24 TIRTHANKARAS & THEIR SYMBOLS
📚 UPSC Prelims | Ancient Indian History

🔆 Important Tirthankaras and Symbols

🟢 1st – Rishabhdev: Ox
🟢 2nd – Ajitanath: Elephant
🟢 3rd – Sambhavanath: Horse
🟢 7th – Suparshvanath: Swastika
🟢 16th – Shantinath: Deer
🟢 21st – Naminath: Blue Lotus
🟢 22nd – Neminath: Conch Shell
🟢 23rd – Parshwanath: Serpent
🟢 24th – Mahavira: Lion

🔆 Important Prelims Fact
🟢 Rishabhdev (1st) and Neminath (22nd) are mentioned in the Rigveda, according to the provided notes.

📍 Quick Revision

• Ox → Rishabhdev
• Elephant → Ajitanath
• Horse → Sambhavanath
• Swastika → Suparshvanath
• Deer → Shantinath
• Blue Lotus → Naminath
• Conch → Neminath
• Serpent → Parshwanath
• Lion → Mahavira

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🔆 MEYKANDAR & SHAIVA SIDDHANTA PHILOSOPHY

📍 Meykandar
🟢 A 13th-century Tamil philosopher who contributed significantly to the development of the Shaiva Siddhanta school.
🟢 His work ‘Siva Jnana Bodham’, written in Tamil, forms a foundational text of Shaiva Siddhanta philosophy.

📍 Shaiva Siddhanta
🟢 A religious-philosophical tradition that developed in Tamil Nadu, particularly during the Imperial Chola period.
🟢 It regards Lord Shiva as the Supreme Deity.
🟢 Its core philosophical literature comprises 14 texts, collectively known as Shaiva Siddhanta Shastram.

📍 Core Philosophy: Pati–Pashu–Pasha
Shaiva Siddhanta is a dualistic philosophy based on three fundamental realities:

🟢 Pati: Shiva, the Supreme Lord.

🟢 Pashu: Individual souls, which are distinct from Shiva.

🟢 Pasha: The bonds that keep souls in bondage, including ignorance and other limitations.

🟢 All three are considered real, but Pasha is inanimate, while Pati and Pashu are conscious.

📍 Path to Liberation
🟢 Service, good conduct, worship and spiritual discipline help the soul receive Shiva’s grace and attain liberation from bondage.

📍 Historical Development
🟢 Early Shaivism drew upon the 28 Shaiva Agamas.
🟢 Southern Shaiva Siddhanta subsequently developed its own distinct philosophical tradition.

🔆 UPSC Prelims Quick Recall
🟢 Meykandar – Siva Jnana Bodham.
🟢 Shaiva Siddhanta – 14 philosophical texts.
🟢 Three realities – Pati, Pashu and Pasha.
🟢 Supreme Deity – Shiva.

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