Hello Everyone,
Hope you all are doing great..

As all of you know, every year we run a prelims program for UPSC Preliminarily examination targets with THREE revisions.
From tomorrow, we are again going to start that program. Those who have no single reading of standard books , they can begin their preparation with this program.

🎯Tomorrow target will be given by today evening. It's a 100 day program free for all.

🎯I'll try to address your doubts regularly.

Good luck..

Previous year program link
2024 link
2023 link
2022 link
2025 link

#UpscRevisionProgram

🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 17 DEC 2025

🔆 BANKING & FINANCE

📍 Skill Development
✅ ADB approves $846 mn loan for India’s skill ecosystem
✅ Supports PM-SETU & ITI modernisation (650 ITIs, 12 states)

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 Culture
✅ Italy becomes first country to get UNESCO recognition for its entire national cuisine
✅ Inscribed under Intangible Cultural Heritage list
✅ Decision announced at UNESCO Cultural Assembly, Delhi

📍 Defence
✅ Russia formally clears RELOS pact with India
✅ Enables reciprocal logistics support between armed forces

📍 Trade & Economy
✅ Global Value Chain (GVC) Development Report 2025 released
✅ GVCs account for 46.3% of global trade
✅ India among top 10 value-adding economies
✅ India’s share in global DVA exports: 2.8% (2024)

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 Education Reform
✅ Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan Bill, 2025 introduced
✅ Proposes single higher education regulator
✅ Replaces UGC, AICTE, NCTE
✅ 12-member commission with Regulatory, Accreditation & Standards Councils

📍 Polar Research
✅ India to build Maitri-II Antarctic Station
✅ Completion target: 2032
✅ Approved by Ministry of Earth Sciences

📍 Traditional Knowledge
✅ University of Patanjali named India’s 1st Yoga–Ayurveda Cluster Centre
✅ Under Gyan Bharatam Mission (Ministry of Culture)

📍 Health & AI
✅ India launches AI-based Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Programme
✅ Tool: MadhuNetrAI (AIIMS–RPC)
✅ Pilot across 7 cities including Pune, Bengaluru, Kochi

📍 Infrastructure & Wildlife
✅ India’s 1st Wildlife-Safe Road launched on NH-45 (MP)
✅ Uses red thermoplastic markings to reduce animal-vehicle collisions

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 Military Exercise
✅ Exercise EKUVERIN (14th edition) concludes in Thiruvananthapuram
✅ India–Maldives joint military exercise
✅ “Ekuverin” means Friends (Dhivehi)

📍 Indigenous Defence
✅ Indian Army + Raghu Vamsi Par East sign MoU
✅ Objective: boost indigenous drone capabilities
✅ Coordinated via 515 Army Base Workshop, Secunderabad

🔆 MoUs

📍 PM’s Foreign Visits
✅ India–Ethiopia ties elevated to Strategic Partnership
✅ MoUs on customs cooperation, data centre, peacekeeping training
✅ India–Jordan MoUs on renewable energy, water management, digital solutions

📍 Energy
✅ NLC India Renewables + PTC India form JV
✅ Green energy capacity target: 2,000 MW

🔆 STATES

📍 Assam
✅ Charaichung Royal Bird Sanctuary highlighted during Charaichung Festival
✅ Located on Majuli Island (world’s largest river island)
✅ Established in 1633 AD – Asia’s first protected royal bird sanctuary

📍 Andhra Pradesh
✅ Ponduru Khadi receives GI Tag
✅ Traditional handspun cotton from Srikakulam

📍 Sikkim
✅ Cho La & Dok La passes opened for battlefield tourism
✅ Under Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan initiative

🔆 IMPORTANT DAY
📍 Vijay Diwas
✅ Observed on 16 December
✅ Marks India’s victory in 1971 war & creation of Bangladesh

🔆 APPOINTMENTS
📍 Key Appointments
✅ Archna Vyas appointed Gates Foundation India Director
✅ B. Sairam → CMD, Coal India
✅ Jose Antonio Kast Rist elected President of Chile

🔆 AWARDS
📍 Film & Media
✅ Filmfare OTT Awards 2025 announced

🔆 BOOKS
📍 Autobiography
✅ Shikhar Dhawan releases “The One: Cricket, My Life and More”

🔆 SPORTS
📍 IPL Auction
✅ Prashant Veer & Kartik Sharma become joint most expensive uncapped players
✅ Sold to CSK for ₹14.20 crore each

#CurrentAffairs

Join https://t.me/CurrentAffairs_ONLY

Annual Calendar for RRB recruitments for the year 2026

🔆 Pottery Cultures in Ancient India

📍 Harappan Civilization (Indus Valley)
✅ Red ware pottery, mostly wheel-thrown (some handmade)
✅ Both polished & unpolished types existed; polished wares well-fired
✅ Polychrome pottery (more than two colours)
✅ Mostly utilitarian, flat-based vessels
✅ Geometric designs with flora & fauna motifs
✅ Perforated pottery → possibly for straining liquor
✅ Uniform mass production → centralized control, low individual creativity
✅ Luxury pottery at select sites → economic stratification

📍 Mature Harappan – Burial Pottery
✅ Burnished & painted pottery, specially made
✅ Indicates belief in life after death
✅ Grave goods varied → social stratification

📍 Late Harappan Phase
✅ Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP) at chalcolithic sites (1900–1200 BCE)
✅ Black-grey burnished ware (slow wheel) → Swat Valley, Iranian links
✅ Black-on-red painted pottery → Harappan–Swat connections
✅ Grey ware & Painted Grey Ware (PGW) found together
✅ Simpler designs → cultural dilution

📍 Vedic Era – Painted Grey Ware (PGW)
✅ Fine grey pottery with black geometric designs
✅ Rig Vedic PGW: no iron or cereals → pre-iron phase
✅ Later Vedic PGW: iron present
✅ Period: 1200–600 BCE
✅ Regions: Punjab, Haryana, Upper Ganga Valley
✅ Settlements: villages & towns (no large cities)
✅ Mathura – largest PGW site

📍 Later Vedic → Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW)
✅ Appears around 6th century BCE (Second Urbanisation)
✅ Glossy, lustrous luxury pottery
✅ Used by elite class → social stratification
✅ Continues into Mahajanapada period
✅ Sites: Ahichatra, Hastinapur (UP), Navdatoli (MP)
✅ Types:
✅ Monochrome (mostly jet black, fast-wheel, thin fabric)
✅ Bichrome (two colours, rarer)

📍 Megalithic Culture
✅ Period: 3rd century BCE – 1st century CE
✅ Megaliths = large stone burial monuments
✅ Extensive use of iron (especially South India)
✅ Wheel-thrown, well-baked durable pottery
✅ Mostly plain; occasional black paintings (e.g. Koldihawa)
✅ Found across India, dominant in South & Vindhyas
✅ Used as grave goods → belief in afterlife

#prelims
#art_and_culture

https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture

We'll start with polity :

Day 1: 18 December target:

Polity:
Topics -
Constitutional framework
Parliamentary system



Current Affairs: June 2025
Polity part only

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.

https://t.me/upsc_answer_written
https://t.me/CSE_EXAM

UGC NET DEC 2025 Exam Date
Schedule

🔆 World Development Report 2025 — Standards for Development

📍 Why in News
✅ Released by World Bank
✅ Shows how global standards shape the world economy, often favouring rich nations & MNCs

📍 What are Standards?
✅ Shared rules ensuring consistency, compatibility & quality in products, systems & processes

📍 Why Standards Matter
✅ Economic growth: Boost trade, cut transaction costs, enable scaling & innovation
✅ National security: Improve competitiveness; manage tech, financial & environmental risks
✅ Social development: Better health & education outcomes
➡️ Example: Hospital childbirth checklists cut maternal deaths ~47% in India
✅ Governance: Transparent recruitment & procurement reduce corruption

📍 Key Challenges
⚠️ Trade weaponisation: Non-tariff barriers (labelling, pesticide norms) now affect 90% of global trade
⚠️ Representation gap: Developing countries occupy <⅓ of ISO technical committees

📌#GS2 #GS3 #Governance #Economy #mains

https://t.me/CSE_EXAM

🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 18 DEC 2025


🔆 INTERNATIONAL
📍 Corporate Rankings
✅ Hurun Global 1000 Report 2025 released
✅ World’s most valuable company: NVIDIA ($4.63 trillion)
✅ Top-10 companies’ combined value: $26 trillion

📍 Global Wealth
✅ Elon Musk becomes 1st person to cross $600 billion net worth

🔆 NATIONAL
📍 Health & AYUSH
✅ 2nd WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine begins in New Delhi
✅ Dates: 17–19 Dec 2025
✅ Theme: Restoring balance: science & practice of well-being

📍 Geospatial Technology
✅ Survey of India hosts National Workshop on Geospatial Ecosystem
✅ Theme: Geospatial Mission – Enabler of Viksit Bharat

📍 Defence & Gender
✅ Sai Jadhav becomes 1st woman officer to pass out from IMA, Dehradun
✅ Breaks 93-year-old tradition

📍 Wealth Rankings
✅ Ambani family only Indians in Bloomberg’s Top-25 Richest Families 2025

📍 Electric Mobility
✅ Tesla opens India’s first charging station in Gurugram
✅ V4 Superchargers; up to 250 kW

📍 Railways
✅ Indian Railways achieves 99.2% electrification of Broad-Gauge network
✅ Highest among major global railway systems

🔆 DEFENCE
📍 Military Exercise
✅ Indian Army contingent departs for Exercise Desert Cyclone-II
✅ Venue: Abu Dhabi | India–UAE joint exercise

📍 Aviation
✅ Indian Army inducts final batch of AH-64E Apache helicopters
✅ Enhances multi-domain combat capability

🔆 MoUs
📍 Agriculture
✅ India–Argentina sign Work Plan 2025–27
✅ Focus: agri-research, mechanisation, micro-irrigation, drones

🔆 SCHEMES
📍 Rural & MSME
✅ Govt implements ASPIRE Scheme for rural entrepreneurship
✅ Focus: innovation, incubation, job creation

📍 Pension
✅ NPS Vatsalya launched for minors (below 18 yrs)
✅ Minimum contribution: ₹1,000/year
✅ Auto-conversion to NPS Tier-I at 18

🔆 IMPORTANT DAY
📍 International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers
✅ Observed on 17 December

🔆 APPOINTMENTS
📍 Banking
✅ Govt extends tenure of SBI MD Ashwini Kumar Tewari by 2 years

🔆 OBITUARY
📍 Media
✅ Veteran journalist & Padma Shri awardee Prafulla Govinda Baruah passes away

🔆 AWARDS
📍 Aviation
✅ Singapore Changi Airport named World’s Best Airport 2025
📍 Cinema
✅ Indian film “Homebound” shortlisted for Oscars 2026
📍 Football
✅ FIFA Best Awards 2025:
✅ Men’s Player: Ousmane Dembélé
✅ Women’s Player: Aitana Bonmatí

🔆 SPORTS
📍 Para Sports
✅ India wins 56 medals at Asian Youth Para Games 2025 (Dubai)

#CurrentAffairs

https://t.me/CurrentAffairs_ONLY

🔆 Thangka Paintings – Key Features

📍 Form & Medium
✅ Vertical scroll paintings on cotton or silk

📍 Themes
✅ Buddhist deities, Bodhisattvas, monks & mandalas
✅ Rich symbolism around central deity

📍 Spiritual Nature
✅ Believed to house the spirit of the deity
✅ Used for meditation, rituals & teaching Buddhism

📍 Rules of Creation
✅ Strict iconographic rules (proportions, posture, colours)
✅ No personal expression, traditionally unsigned

📍 Inscriptions
✅ Mantras / sacred texts written on the reverse side

📍 Size & Usage
✅ Small scrolls for private meditation
✅ Large banners for monastic festivals

📍 Artistic Style
✅ Highly detailed & crowded compositions
✅ Central deity most prominent
✅ Strong symmetry & cosmic balance

📍 Colour Symbolism
✅ White – Peaceful deities
✅ Brown – Amitabha Buddha
✅ Blue – Medicine Buddha
✅ Red – Guru Padmasambhava
✅ Green – Green Tara
✅ Reddish-brown – Manjushree

📍 Eight Auspicious Symbols (Ashtamangala)
✅ Lotus – Purity & enlightenment
✅ White Parasol – Protection
✅ Conch Shell – Victory over ignorance
✅ Endless Knot – Eternity & harmony
✅ Pair of Fish – Liberation & fearlessness
✅ Victory Banner – Triumph over desires
✅ Treasure Vase – Abundance
✅ Dharma Wheel – Buddha’s path to enlightenment

#prelims
#art_and_culture

https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture