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🔆 Quit India Movement (1942)

📍 Background: Events Leading to the Movement

✅ 1939 – World War II began and India was declared a participant without consulting Indian leaders.

✅ 1940 – The August Offer failed to satisfy Indian aspirations for self-government.

✅ 1940–41 – Individual Satyagraha launched under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

✅ March 1942 – Cripps Mission failed due to unacceptable constitutional proposals.

✅ 8 August 1942 – Quit India Resolution passed at the Bombay Session of the Indian National Congress.

✅ 9 August 1942 – Quit India Movement formally launched with Gandhi’s famous call of “Do or Die”.

⸻

📍 Results of the Quit India Movement

✅ Widespread Rebellion
• Strikes, boycotts and protests erupted across India involving workers, students and peasants.
• Parallel governments emerged in places like Satara (Maharashtra) and Ballia (Uttar Pradesh).

✅ Harsh British Repression
• The British suppressed the movement with brutal force.
• More than 1 lakh people were arrested.
• Leaders including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and other Congress leaders were imprisoned.

✅ Administrative Disruption
• Communication, transportation and governance were severely disrupted.
• Telegraph lines and railway networks were sabotaged to weaken British control.

✅ Unified National Spirit
• The movement united Indians across regions, classes and communities.
• Strengthened the collective resolve for complete independence.

✅ Strengthened the Freedom Struggle
• Demonstrated that British rule no longer enjoyed public legitimacy.
• Made it clear that India could not be governed without Indian consent.

✅ Paved the Way for Independence
• The British recognized the growing strength of Indian nationalism.
• The movement accelerated negotiations that eventually culminated in India’s Independence in 1947.

📍 Significance
✅ Last major mass movement of the Indian freedom struggle.
✅ Marked the transition from demands for reforms to the demand for complete British withdrawal.
✅ Laid the psychological and political foundation for Independence.

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🔆 Art & Architecture of the Vijayanagara Empire

📍 Overview
✅ The Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE) witnessed a remarkable flowering of art and architecture.

✅ According to Domingo Paes, the city of Vijayanagara was surrounded by seven fortification walls and contained magnificent palaces and temples.

📍 Temple Architecture
✅ A unique blend of Dravidian, Hoysala, Chalukyan, Pandyan, Indo-Islamic and European influences.

✅ Characterized by grandeur, ornamentation and extensive use of hard granite.

📍 Key Features

✅ Gopurams
• Massive and ornate gateway towers on temple complexes.
• Became taller and more elaborate during this period.

✅ Highly Decorative Walls
• Rich carvings depicting mythology, daily life and royal processions.

✅ Yali Sculptures
• Mythical lion-horse creatures engraved on pillars and walls.

✅ Kalyana Mandapa
• Special marriage halls used for divine wedding ceremonies.

✅ Amman Shrines
• Dedicated to the consorts of major deities.

✅ Pushkarinis
• Sacred temple tanks used for rituals and water conservation.

📍 Major Architectural Elements

✅ Dravidian Style Temples
• Large gopurams and intricate carvings.
• Example: Virupaksha Temple

✅ Mandapas (Pillared Halls)
• Used for rituals, festivals and ceremonies.
• Example: Vittala Temple, famous for its musical pillars.

✅ Monolithic Stone Chariots
• Symbolized divine vehicles.
• Example: Stone Chariot at Vittala Temple.

✅ Monolithic Sculptures
• Massive single-stone statues.
• Example: Lakshmi Narasimha Statue.

✅ Temple Complexes
• Included sanctums, pillared halls, shrines and tanks.
• Example: Hazara Rama Temple.

📍 Indo-Islamic Influence

✅ Some secular structures incorporated arches, domes and vaulted chambers.

✅ Best Example: Lotus Mahal
• Blended Hindu and Islamic architectural styles.

📍 Water Management
✅ Advanced hydraulic engineering and irrigation systems.

✅ Temple complexes contained Pushkarinis for ritual use and water storage.

📍 Important Examples

✅ Virupaksha Temple – Tall gopuram and intricate carvings.

✅ Vittala Temple – Musical pillars and Stone Chariot.

✅ Hazara Rama Temple – Ramayana relief panels.

✅ Lotus Mahal – Indo-Islamic architectural fusion.

✅ Krishna Temple – Noted for its Pushkarini.

📍 UPSC Relevance
✅ Prelims: Hampi, Vittala Temple, Stone Chariot, Musical Pillars, Lotus Mahal.

✅ Mains (GS1): Temple Architecture, Cultural Developments in Medieval India.

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 5 JUNE 2026

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 OECD Raises India’s FY27 Growth Forecast
✅ OECD Economic Outlook – June 2026 released
✅ India’s FY27 GDP growth forecast raised from 6.1% to 6.3%
✅ FY26 growth projected at 7.6%
✅ FY28 growth projected at 6.4%
✅ FY27 inflation estimated at 4.8%
✅ OECD Headquarters: Paris
✅ OECD Members: 38 countries

🔆 STATES

📍 Telangana & Germany’s Thuringia Sign Cooperation Pact
✅ Agreement signed in Hyderabad
✅ Focus on skill development, innovation and industrial growth
✅ Includes collaboration between educational institutions and industries
✅ German Language Training Hub to be established in Hyderabad
✅ Linked with TOMCOM programmes

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 First Sea Shipment of Millet Functional Foods to New Zealand
✅ Facilitated by APEDA
✅ Exported from Karnataka to New Zealand
✅ Exporter: Infini Agrotek LLP, Bengaluru
✅ Shipment included botanical-infused millet functional foods
✅ Quantity exported: 1 metric tonne

📍 University of Liverpool Gets Approval for Bengaluru Campus
✅ Received Letter of Approval (LoA) under NEP 2020
✅ Approved under UGC Regulations, 2023
✅ University established in 1881
✅ Will set up branch campus in Bengaluru

📍 PM Surya Ghar Scheme Targets 75 Lakh Rooftop Solar Installations
✅ Scheme crossed 40 lakh beneficiary households
✅ Target: 75 lakh households by December 2026
✅ Launched on 13 February 2024
✅ Total outlay: ₹75,021 crore
✅ World’s largest domestic rooftop solar programme
✅ Supports India’s target of 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030

📍 India’s First Flex-Fuel Passenger Vehicle Launched
✅ Launched by Hardeep Singh Puri
✅ Developed by Maruti Suzuki
✅ Runs on E20 to E100 ethanol blends
✅ Supports ethanol-based mobility
✅ India achieved 20% ethanol blending target ahead of schedule

📍 ‘Navachar Mantra’ Initiative Launched
✅ Launched by Jayant Chaudhary
✅ Implemented by NIESBUD
✅ Technical partner: FITT, IIT Delhi
✅ Supports grassroots innovators and early-stage entrepreneurs
✅ Includes mentorship, investor interactions and innovation showcases

📍 QR Tagging Expanded for FCI Foodgrain Bags
✅ Expanded to Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Odisha
✅ Enables end-to-end tracking of foodgrain movement
✅ Prevents misuse and recycling of foodgrain bags
✅ Uses QR codes integrated with ePoS devices
✅ Total coverage: 20 lakh tonnes of rice

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 Five Countries Elected as Non-Permanent Members of UNSC
✅ Elected by United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)
✅ Members for 2027–2028:
✅ Austria
✅ Kyrgyzstan
✅ Portugal
✅ Trinidad & Tobago
✅ Zimbabwe
✅ Kyrgyzstan secured its first-ever UNSC term
✅ Non-permanent members serve a 2-year term

🔆 APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

📍 Neelkanth Mishra Appointed Executive Director at World Bank
✅ Appointment approved by ACC
✅ Tenure: 3 years
✅ Succeeds Parameswaran Iyer
✅ World Bank Headquarters: Washington D.C.

📍 Mette Frederiksen Sworn In as Denmark PM
✅ Assumed office for a third consecutive term

📍 Vipul Appointed India’s Ambassador to Saudi Arabia
✅ Veteran diplomat appointed as next envoy to Saudi Arabia

🔆 AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

📍 Lionel Messi Wins Princess of Asturias Award for Sports
✅ First footballer to receive the award
✅ Honoured for sporting achievements and humanitarian work
✅ Award presented by Princess of Asturias Foundation
✅ Ceremony to be held in Oviedo, Spain

🔆 BOOKS & AUTHORS

📍 Book: “When Audit Matters” Released
✅ Released by Vice-President C.P. Radhakrishnan
✅ Edited by former CAG Vinod Rai
✅ Published by Rupa Publications
✅ Focuses on impactful CAG interventions

🔆 SPORTS

📍 Arjun Erigaisi Returns to FIDE Top 10
✅ Ranked World No. 8
✅ Only Indian player in FIDE Top 10
✅ Latest rankings released in June 2026
✅ Magnus Carlsen remains World No. 1

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📍 International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression
✅ Observed on 4 June 2026

📍 World Environment Day 2026
✅ Observed on 5 June
✅ Theme: “Inspired by Nature: For Climate. For Our Future.”
✅ Campaign Hashtag: #NowForClimate
✅ Host Country: Azerbaijan
✅ Host City: Baku
✅ Led by UNEP

#CurrentAffairs

🔆 SUMMITS & CONFERENCES

📍 National Conference on a Decade of Insolvency Reforms
✅ Organised by IICA and AIPE
✅ Theme: “Redefining India’s Restructuring Ecosystem”
✅ Date: 13 June 2026
✅ Venue: Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya, New Delhi
✅ Marks 10 years of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 NASA Concludes MAVEN Mission
✅ MAVEN stands for Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution
✅ Launched in 2013, entered Mars orbit in 2014
✅ Operated for more than 11 years
✅ Studied Mars’ atmosphere and atmospheric loss
✅ First dedicated mission to analyse Martian atmosphere

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 Russia Delivers Fourth Squadron of S-400 System to India
✅ Part of $5.43 billion India–Russia deal
✅ India contracted 5 S-400 regimental systems
✅ Developed by Almaz-Antey, Russia
✅ Also known as SA-21 Growler
✅ Detection range up to 600 km
✅ Missile engagement ranges: 40 km, 120 km, 250 km and 400 km
✅ Can target aircraft, UAVs, cruise missiles and ballistic missiles

#CurrentAffairs

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🔆 ROLE OF NGOs IN GOVERNANCE #GS2

📍 Definition
✅ NGOs (Non-Governmental Organisations) are voluntary organisations working towards a social cause
✅ Example: Smile Foundation works for empowerment of underprivileged children, youth and women

📍 Constitutional & Legal Basis
✅ Article 19(1)(c) guarantees the Right to Form Associations
✅ NGOs are legally constituted organisations
✅ Many are registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860

📍 Role of NGOs in Governance

✅ Gender Equity
• Empower women and promote leadership skills
• Examples: SEWA, Sathin, Eklavya, Disha

✅ Human Rights Protection
• Safeguard rights of vulnerable groups
• Support implementation of laws such as the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

✅ Social Development
• Promote social change and inclusive development
• Improve welfare outcomes at the grassroots level

✅ Participative Governance
• Contribute to policy-making and law formulation
• Played a role in laws such as:
• Environment Protection Act, 1986
• Right to Education Act, 2009
• Forest Rights Act, 2006
• Right to Information Act, 2005

✅ Education
• Promote education among weaker sections
• Examples: Oxfam India, Save the Children, World Vision

✅ Rehabilitation
• Assist in resettlement and welfare of vulnerable groups
• Example: The Banyan supports homeless persons with mental health issues

📍 Issues & Challenges

✅ Lack of Governance
• Many NGOs lack effective governing boards

✅ Poor Networking
• Weak communication and coordination mechanisms

✅ Over-Regulation
• Excessive regulations may reduce efficiency and flexibility

✅ Cultural Resistance
• NGOs may be perceived as interfering with traditional practices
• Example: Jallikattu controversy following PIL by PETA

📍 Way Forward

✅ Greater Participation
• Strengthen democratisation, social justice, gender equity and inclusion

✅ Better Monitoring
• Improve coordination between MHA and Ministry of Finance
• Ensure transparency in domestic and foreign funding

✅ Strengthen Governance
• Professional governing boards with defined responsibilities
• Regular accountability and transparency mechanisms

✅ Financial Support
• Encourage funding through CSR and FCRA, 2010 compliant channels

📍 Constitutional Support
✅ Article 43 directs the State to promote cooperative organisations and participatory development

🎯 NGOs act as a bridge between the State and citizens by promoting participation, accountability, inclusion and grassroots development

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