🔆 Underwater Fiber Optic Sensing System (UFOSS/FOSS)

📍 Why in News?
✅ DRDO has initiated indigenous UFOSS projects to strengthen underwater surveillance and maritime security.

📍 About UFOSS/FOSS
✅ Underwater Fiber Optic Sensing System (UFOSS), also known as Fiber Optic Sensing System (FOSS), converts subsea fiber-optic cables into a continuous underwater sensor network.
✅ Uses Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) and Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) technologies.

📍 Key Features
✅ DAS: Converts the entire optical fiber into continuous sensing points to detect acoustic vibrations and seismic disturbances.
✅ FBGs: Measure strain, pressure, and temperature through changes in reflected wavelengths.
✅ Provides 24×7 persistent underwater monitoring through fixed seabed fiber-optic networks.

📍 Applications
✅ Detects and tracks submarines, surface ships, underwater drones, and other marine activities.
✅ Enhances Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW).
✅ Secures offshore oil & gas platforms, submarine communication cables, pipelines, and offshore wind farms.
✅ Supports earthquake monitoring, tsunami warning, oceanographic research, and disaster preparedness.

📍 Significance
✅ Strengthens India’s maritime security, especially in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
✅ Provides continuous surveillance without relying on ships, aircraft, or sonobuoys.

📍 UPSC Prelims Facts
✅ UFOSS uses Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) and Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs).
✅ It enables real-time, 24×7 underwater surveillance using existing fiber-optic cable networks.

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 11 JULY 2026

🔆 STATES

📍 Sirsa Kinnow Receives GI Tag
✅ Becomes Haryana’s first exclusive GI-tagged fruit
✅ GI granted by GI Registry under DPIIT
✅ Hybrid of King Mandarin and Willow Leaf Mandarin

📍 Delhi Introduces Pink Saheli Smart Card
✅ Mandatory for free bus travel from 1 August 2026
✅ Replaces paper-based pink tickets
✅ Women must tap the card while boarding buses

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 Government Expands PM-SETU Across 200 ITI Clusters
✅ Approved investment: ₹1,237.58 crore
✅ Strengthens Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs)
✅ Five new ITI clusters approved in Odisha, Gujarat and Telangana
✅ Ministry: MSDE

📍 Adani Copper Receives LME Certification
✅ Kutch Copper Ltd. receives London Metal Exchange (LME) certification
✅ “Adani Copper” Grade-A cathodes now eligible for LME delivery
✅ Confirms global quality and responsible sourcing standards

📍 India Launches LoA Regime for High-Seas Fishing
✅ Introduces Letter of Authorisation (LoA) system
✅ Promotes sustainable deep-sea fishing and Blue Economy
✅ Enables Indian vessels to operate in EEZ and high seas
✅ India is the 2nd largest fish producer globally

📍 Uttarakhand Becomes Sixth Fully Literate State
✅ Achieves milestone under ULLAS Scheme and NEP 2020
✅ Joins Mizoram, Goa, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim

📍 Tamil Nadu Tops Higher Education GER
✅ Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER): 52.3%
✅ National average: 30%
✅ Data released through AISHE 2023–24
✅ Female GER continues to exceed male GER

🔆 INDIA & THE WORLD

📍 India & Indonesia to Jointly Develop Sabang Port
✅ Strengthens maritime cooperation and Indo-Pacific strategy
✅ Located on Weh Island, Aceh Province
✅ Close to the Strait of Malacca, a major global maritime chokepoint

🔆 AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

📍 DoT’s Samriddh Gram Wins WSIS Prize 2026
✅ Awarded at WSIS Forum 2026, Geneva
✅ Category: Action Line C6 – Enabling Environment
✅ Built on BharatNet to deliver integrated digital services in villages

📍 Sourav Ganguly Inducted into ICC Hall of Fame
✅ Becomes the 12th Indian to receive the honour
✅ Former Indian captain popularly known as “Dada”

🔆 SPORTS

📍 India & New Zealand Mark 100 Years of Sporting Relations
✅ Sporting ties began in 1926 with hockey
✅ Indian Army Hockey Team first toured New Zealand in 1926
✅ Major Dhyan Chand was part of the historic tour

🔆 RANKS & REPORTS

📍 Global Liveability Index 2026 Released
✅ Published by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
✅ Copenhagen ranked the world’s most liveable city
✅ Indian rankings: New Delhi (120), Mumbai (121), Chennai (123), Bengaluru (127)

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📍 World Population Day 2026
✅ Observed on 11 July
✅ Theme: “Realizing the hopes and aspirations of young people: today and in the future.”
✅ Declared by UNDP in 1989

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 India Launches Once-Weekly Basal Insulin Awiqli
✅ Introduced by Novo Nordisk India
✅ World’s first once-weekly basal insulin (Insulin Icodec)
✅ Reduces injections from 365 to 52 per year
✅ Designed for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 INS Mahendragiri to be Commissioned
✅ Sixth Project 17A Nilgiri-class stealth frigate
✅ Contains over 75% indigenous content
✅ Built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd. (MDL)
✅ Designed by Warship Design Bureau (Indian Navy)

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🔆 Asiatic Lion Crisis

📍 Why in News?
✅ Death of 8 Asiatic lion cubs due to heat-induced dehydration in Gir Forest, Gujarat has renewed concerns over habitat overcrowding, disease risks, and the need for lion translocation.

📍 About the Asiatic Lion
✅ Scientific Name: Panthera leo persica
✅ IUCN Status: Endangered
✅ Natural Habitat: Gir Landscape, Gujarat – the only wild habitat of Asiatic lions.

📍 Current Status
✅ Population increased from 674 (2020) to 891 (2025).
✅ Overcrowding has forced many lions to move outside protected areas.
✅ Supreme Court (2013) directed translocation of lions to Kuno National Park (Madhya Pradesh), but implementation remains pending.

📍 Major Challenges
✅ Habitat Saturation: Exceeded carrying capacity leads to territorial conflicts and stress.
✅ Genetic Bottleneck: Low genetic diversity increases vulnerability to diseases.
✅ Disease Risk: A single epidemic can threaten the entire population.
Eg: Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) killed 23 lions in 2018.
✅ Human–Wildlife Conflict: Increasing encounters due to movement into villages.
✅ Infrastructure Hazards: Deaths from roads, railways, open wells, and electric fences.

📍 Why is Translocation Needed?
✅ Creates a second free-ranging population as biological insurance.
✅ Reduces extinction risk from epidemics, forest fires, or natural disasters.
✅ Aligns with IUCN conservation guidelines.
✅ Kuno National Park was developed as an alternative habitat for Asiatic lions.

📍 Concerns Over Translocation
✅ Symbol of Gujarat’s identity and regional pride.
✅ Gujarat favours expansion to Barda Wildlife Sanctuary.
✅ Presence of Project Cheetah in Kuno National Park may complicate ecosystem management.

📍 Way Forward
✅ Implement the Supreme Court’s 2013 order through scientific and phased translocation.
✅ Develop satellite habitats like Barda Wildlife Sanctuary.
✅ Adopt a One Health approach through vaccination of domestic animals.
✅ Build wildlife crossings, cover open wells, and improve railway safety.

📍 UPSC Prelims Facts
✅ Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica) is found only in the Gir Landscape of Gujarat.
✅ Kuno National Park (Madhya Pradesh) was identified as the second home for Asiatic lions.
✅ Barda Wildlife Sanctuary has been proposed as an additional habitat within Gujarat.

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 13 JULY 2026

🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE

📍 Vice-President Unveils Statue of Mannathu Padmanabhan
✅ Renowned social reformer, freedom fighter and community leader from Kerala
✅ Founder of the Nair Service Society (NSS)
✅ Participated in the Vaikom Satyagraha
✅ Honoured with Bharata Kesari (1959) and Padma Bhushan (1966)

🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

📍 Centre Directs Playing of Vande Mataram Before National Anthem
✅ States and Central Ministries directed to play Vande Mataram before Jana Gana Mana at official events
✅ Vande Mataram written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
✅ Published in the novel Anandamath
✅ Government proposes amendment to the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 to make insults to the singing of Vande Mataram a punishable offence

📍 NSE Launches Nifty500 Ahimsa Index
✅ Launched by the National Stock Exchange (NSE)
✅ Developed with Ahimsagain Foundation
✅ Tracks companies following Ahimsa (non-violence) principles
✅ Excludes businesses involved in animal harm
✅ Only Green-category companies qualify for inclusion

📍 PM SVANidhi ‘Street Food Hub’ Plan
✅ Lakhanpur among the first selected towns
✅ Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs to establish 50 Street Food Hubs
✅ Each project receives ₹4 crore assistance
✅ Urban Local Bodies receive ₹25 lakh incentive
✅ Implemented with MoHUA, Ministry of Tourism and FSSAI

🔆 INDIA & THE WORLD

📍 PM Receives Traditional Māori Powhiri Welcome in New Zealand
✅ Traditional welcome by the Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand
✅ Includes Karanga, Whaikōrero, Hongi and Kai
✅ Symbolises transition from Tapu (sacred) to Noa (ordinary/safe)
✅ Reflects cultural respect and bilateral friendship

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 PMFME Scheme Crosses 2 Lakh Credit-Linked Beneficiaries
✅ Implemented by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries
✅ Supports unorganised micro food processing enterprises
✅ 90% beneficiaries are first-generation entrepreneurs
✅ 44% beneficiaries are women
✅ Over 4.18 lakh SHG members received seed capital
✅ More than 75,000 enterprises formalised through Udyam, FSSAI and GST registrations

🔆 ENVIRONMENT

📍 Aastha Van Sanrakshan Yojana Launched
✅ Aims to conserve 15,000 Sacred Groves (Aastha Van)
✅ Duration: 2026–27 to 2030–31
✅ Funded through CAMPA
✅ Promotes biodiversity conservation and traditional ecological knowledge

📍 Cyttopsis indica Discovered
✅ Commonly known as the Indian Dory
✅ Deep-sea fish discovered by ICAR-CMFRI
✅ Found in the Arabian Sea off Kerala at 350–500 m depth
✅ Belongs to Parazenidae family
✅ Stores waxy compounds to withstand extreme ocean pressure

📍 Bodoland Forests Showcase Rich Butterfly Diversity
✅ 346 butterfly species recorded in the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR)
✅ Located at the junction of Indo-Malayan and Indo-Gangetic biogeographic zones
✅ Rare species include Yellow-crested Spangle, Swinhoe’s Flat and Great Windmill
✅ Bagurumba Dance inspired by butterfly diversity

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 Vepdegestrant Receives US FDA Approval
✅ First oral PROTAC-based cancer therapy
✅ Jointly developed by Arvinas and Pfizer
✅ Approved for ER-positive, HER2-negative, ESR1-mutated advanced/metastatic breast cancer
✅ Represents a new generation of targeted cancer treatment

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