Investment friendliness index ( IFI)

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21 JULY 2026

🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

📍 E-Commerce Council of India (ECCI) Launched
✅ Launched by Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) in Bengaluru
✅ First-of-its-kind national platform for India’s $120 billion digital commerce ecosystem
✅ Brings together digital platforms, logistics providers and regulators
✅ Focus on policy advocacy, MSME digitisation, cross-border trade and technology adoption
✅ IAMAI, established in 2004, represents 750+ digital and technology enterprises

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization (WAICO)
✅ New intergovernmental organisation initiated by China
✅ Headquarters: Shanghai, China
✅ Focus on civilian AI governance, technical standards and international cooperation
✅ Founding members include Indonesia, Russia, Brazil, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Laos and Belarus
✅ India is not a member
✅ Decisions through consensus or two-thirds majority when consensus is unavailable

📍 Andy Burnham Becomes UK Prime Minister
✅ Invited by King Charles III to form the government
✅ Succeeds Keir Starmer
✅ UK is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy
✅ UK comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
✅ India adopted features including Parliamentary Government, Rule of Law, Bicameralism, Single Citizenship and Cabinet System from the British constitutional system

📍 Exercise Tiger Lightning 2026
✅ Bilateral military exercise between Bangladesh Army and US Army Pacific (USARPAC)
✅ Venue: Jalalabad Cantonment, Sylhet, Bangladesh
✅ Conducted annually since 2017
✅ Focus on jungle warfare, counter-terrorism and tactical combat casualty care

📍 8th BRICS Heads of Prosecution Services Meeting
✅ Hosted by India
✅ Organised by Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law & Justice
✅ Presided over by the Attorney General for India
✅ Theme: “Exchanging Experiences and Best Practices in Criminal Adjudication from the Prosecution’s Perspective”

🔆 AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

📍 India Achieves Best-Ever Performance at International Chemistry Olympiad
✅ 58th International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO 2026) held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan
✅ Participation: 363 students from 93 countries
✅ India won 4 Gold Medals, achieving an all-gold sweep
✅ Joint top-performing delegations: India, China, Vietnam and individual participants from Russia
✅ India’s gold medallists: Debadatta Priyadarshi, Harshit Singhal, Kabeer Chhillar and Sandeep Kuchi
✅ India’s best performance in 27 years of participation

🔆 BANKING & FINANCE

📍 Electronic Gold Receipts (EGRs)
✅ Dematerialised securities representing ownership of physical gold
✅ Each EGR is 100% backed by physical gold stored in accredited vaults
✅ Can be traded on stock exchanges like shares with T+1 settlement
✅ Can be surrendered for conversion into physical gold
✅ GST applies only when EGRs are converted into physical gold
✅ Promotes transparent pricing and formalisation of India’s gold market

📍 RBI Financial Inclusion Index Rises to 70
✅ FI-Index increased to 70.0 in March 2026
✅ Up from 67.0 in March 2025
✅ Released by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
✅ Reflects improved access, usage and quality of financial services

🔆 SECURITY

📍 SEBI Warns Listed Companies Against ‘Boss Scam’
✅ Also known as CEO Fraud or Business Email Compromise (BEC)
✅ Fraudsters impersonate senior executives through emails, messaging apps or AI-generated voice
✅ Victims are pressured into making urgent unauthorised fund transfers
✅ Organisations advised to independently verify payment requests and use multi-level approvals
✅ Cyber fraud can be reported immediately through helpline 1930

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📍 International Chess Day 2026
✅ Observed annually on 20 July
✅ Marks the founding of International Chess Federation (FIDE) in Paris
✅ Theme: “Celebrate, Create and Make a Difference”
✅ Celebrated since 1966 following an initiative proposed by UNESCO
✅ United Nations officially proclaimed 20 July as World Chess Day in 2019

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21th July UPSC current affairs

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21st July editorial summary

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🔆 Rare Records of the Revolt of 1857 Unearthed

📍 Why in News?
✅ The Madhya Pradesh Archaeology Department has unearthed rare historical records related to the Revolt of 1857

📍 Key Discoveries
✅ A historical map, a painting of the Queen of Jhansi and a 1857 letter signed by Tatya Tope

📍 Significance of Tatya Tope’s Letter
✅ Indicates that the Revolt of 1857 involved planning and consultation and was not entirely spontaneous
✅ Helps trace Tatya Tope’s movements across central India, including Betul, Garhakota, Gwalior, Jhansi and Shivpuri, during the period surrounding the uprising

📍 Gyan Bharatam Mission
✅ The discovered collection forms part of India’s Gyan Bharatam Mission
✅ The records provide valuable primary-source material for understanding the planning, networks and geographical spread of the Revolt of 1857

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 22 JULY 2026

🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE

📍 Rare Records of 1857 Revolt Unearthed
✅ Discovered by Madhya Pradesh Archaeology Department
✅ Findings include a map, painting of Rani of Jhansi and an 1857 letter signed by Tatya Tope
✅ Letter indicates elements of planning and consultation behind the 1857 uprising
✅ Traces Tatya Tope’s movements across Betul, Gadakota, Gwalior, Jhansi and Shivpuri
✅ Collection forms part of India’s Gyan Bharatam Mission

📍 Santhali Film ‘Angen’ Wins National Award
✅ Angen (Invisible) won Best Debut Film of a Director in the non-feature category at the 72nd National Film Awards
✅ Directed by Ravi Raj Murmu
✅ First Santhali-language film to receive the honour
✅ Santhali included in the Eighth Schedule through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003
✅ Constitution of India recently translated officially into Santhali using Ol Chiki script
✅ Ol Chiki was created by Pandit Raghunath Murmu

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 5th BRICS Meeting on Geospatial Technologies
✅ Held at IIT Tirupati’s Yerpedu Campus, Andhra Pradesh
✅ Hosted by IIT Tirupati with Navavishkar I-Hub Foundation
✅ Theme: “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability”
✅ Focus on Geospatial Technologies and their Applications
✅ Aims to strengthen cooperation in advanced geospatial technologies

📍 President’s Historic Visit to Moldova & North Macedonia
✅ Marks the first-ever visit by an Indian President to both countries
✅ North Macedonia is a landlocked Balkan country and NATO member
✅ North Macedonia is an official candidate for European Union membership
✅ Capital: Skopje
✅ Moldova is a landlocked Eastern European country between Romania and Ukraine
✅ Capital: Chisinau

📍 Bassirou Faye Elected ECOWAS Chairman
✅ Senegal President Bassirou Faye elected Chairman of ECOWAS
✅ Succeeds Julius Maada Bio of Sierra Leone
✅ ECOWAS established in 1975
✅ Headquarters: Abuja, Nigeria
✅ Regional bloc currently comprises 12 member states
✅ Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso withdrew in January 2025 to form the Alliance of Sahel States

📍 8th BRICS Heads of Prosecution Services Meeting
✅ Virtually hosted by India
✅ Organised by Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law & Justice
✅ Presided over by the Attorney General for India
✅ Theme: “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability”
✅ Focus on criminal adjudication, digitalisation, AI and capacity building

🔆 AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

📍 India Wins 4 Medals at International Biology Olympiad 2026
✅ 37th International Biology Olympiad (IBO) held in Vilnius, Lithuania
✅ Participants represented 78 countries
✅ India won 1 Gold and 3 Silver medals
✅ Gold: Bhavyaa Gunwal (Haryana)
✅ Silver: Soumil Maity, Nishit Kalani and Anmol Kumar
✅ 38th IBO 2027 to be hosted in Warsaw, Poland

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 National Coal Gasification Mission Targets 100 MT by 2030
✅ Mission implemented under the Ministry of Coal
✅ Target: 100 million tonnes (MT) of coal gasification capacity by 2030
✅ Around 22.6 MTPA capacity operational or under implementation
✅ ₹8,500 crore Financial Incentive Scheme supports 8 projects
✅ Additional scheme approved for surface coal and lignite gasification projects
✅ Promotes production of coal-to-chemicals, methanol and Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG)
✅ Coal gasification converts coal into syngas using controlled steam and oxygen

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 Earth’s Second-Oldest Orbicular Rock Discovered in Madhya Pradesh
✅ Discovered at Kutawali village, Shivpuri district
✅ Estimated age: around 2.56 billion years
✅ Rare orbicular granite contains concentric layers of quartz, mica and feldspar
✅ Provides insights into Earth’s Neoarchean magmatic and tectonic history
✅ Age determined through U-Pb zircon dating
✅ Some rock fragments reportedly date back around 3.5 billion years

🔆 RANKS & REPORTS

📍 Global Terrorism Index 2026
✅ Published annually by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP)
✅ Covers 163 countries, representing around 99.7% of the global population
✅ Pakistan ranked the country most impacted by terrorism

✅ India ranked 13th
✅ Top 5: Pakistan, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria and Mali
✅ 81 countries recorded improvements
✅ Global epicentre of terrorism has shifted towards the Central Sahel
✅ Islamic State (IS) and its affiliates remain the deadliest terrorist organisation globally
✅ IEP also publishes the Global Peace Index (GPI)

#CurrentAffairs

22nd July UPSC current affairs

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Q. The expansion of the UN Security Council is not just about correcting historical injustices, but about ensuring its operational credibility in a multi-polar world. Critically analyse India's claim for a permanent seat and the structural challenges of the reform process.

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🔆 Geopolitics in the South China Sea

📍 Why in Focus?
✅ The 10th anniversary of the 2016 South China Sea Arbitral Award has renewed focus on China’s expansive maritime claims and the future of the rules-based Indo-Pacific order

📍 2016 Arbitral Award
✅ The Philippines initiated arbitration under UNCLOS in 2013
✅ The tribunal held that China’s claims to historic rights within the Nine-Dash Line had no legal basis under UNCLOS
✅ It found that Chinese land reclamation had caused serious damage to the marine environment
✅ China rejected the award and continues to favour bilateral negotiations with claimant states

📍 Why is the South China Sea Important?
✅ Strategic: Critical maritime space connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans
✅ Economic: A major route for global maritime trade and international supply chains
✅ Resources: Contains significant hydrocarbon resources and rich fishing grounds
✅ Security: Growing militarisation and submarine operations have increased its strategic importance
✅ Legal: Disputes test the credibility of UNCLOS and international dispute-settlement mechanisms

📍 Implications for India
✅ A significant share of India’s maritime trade traverses the wider South China Sea–Malacca Strait corridor
✅ Stability in the region is crucial for India’s Act East Policy and engagement with ASEAN
✅ Growing Chinese naval capabilities can facilitate greater deployments into the Indian Ocean Region
✅ India supports freedom of navigation, unimpeded lawful commerce and peaceful dispute resolution under international law
✅ Defence cooperation with countries such as the Philippines and Vietnam strengthens India’s regional strategic engagement

📍 Way Forward for India
✅ Strengthen Maritime Domain Awareness through regional and Quad partnerships
✅ Enhance defence capacity-building and maritime cooperation with ASEAN countries
✅ Upgrade strategic infrastructure in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
✅ Support ASEAN centrality and an effective South China Sea Code of Conduct consistent with international law
✅ Maintain strategic balance by combining deterrence, diplomacy and adherence to UNCLOS

📍 Mains Question
✅ While the South China Sea holds strategic importance for India, navigating complex geopolitical dynamics and managing challenges posed by Chinese assertiveness require a careful and nuanced approach. Elaborate. (250 Words)

#InternationalRelations #mains