🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 28 JULY 2026
🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
📍 Prevention of Insults to National Honour (Amendment) Bill, 2026
✅ Introduced in the Rajya Sabha
✅ Amends the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971
✅ Extends protection to Vande Mataram alongside Jana Gana Mana
✅ Criminalises intentionally preventing the singing of Vande Mataram or disrupting its rendition
✅ Punishment: Up to 3 years’ imprisonment, fine or both; repeat offenders face a minimum 1-year imprisonment
📍 Supreme Court Reaffirms Right to Peaceful Protest
✅ Right to peaceful and lawful protest protected under the Constitution
✅ Police excesses such as lathi-charge cannot be justified merely due to public protests
✅ Supreme Court is considering a uniform nationwide protocol for police conduct during protests
✅ Held that use of pellet guns/Projectile Action Guns (PAGs) violates the principles of necessity, proportionality and reasonableness
✅ Reinforces Article 19(1)(b) guaranteeing the Right to Assemble Peacefully
🔆 INTERNATIONAL
📍 Spain Declares National Emergency Over Wildfires
✅ Spain declared a national emergency due to an unprecedented wildfire crisis
✅ First such declaration in Spanish history specifically for wildfires
✅ Triggered by extreme heat (above 39°C) and strong winds
✅ India’s National Emergency under Article 352 can be proclaimed only during war, external aggression or armed rebellion
✅ National Emergency has been declared in India three times: 1962, 1971 and 1975
🔆 AGRICULTURE
📍 Integrated Farming Gains Momentum in Northeast India
✅ Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) combine crops, livestock, fishery, poultry and trees
✅ Promoted under the Joint Initiative for Village Advancement (JIVA) in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
✅ Animal waste used as manure, crop residues feed livestock and pond water irrigates crops
✅ Improves year-round income, biodiversity and climate resilience
✅ JIVA launched by NABARD in 2022 to promote agroecology-based natural farming
📍 Government Approves Use of Anhydrous Ammonia as Fertiliser
✅ Approved for agricultural use for an initial period of 3 years
✅ Contains 82% nitrogen, compared to 46% in conventional urea
✅ Expected to improve fertiliser efficiency by around 10%
✅ Supports the National Green Hydrogen Mission
✅ Promotes production of Green Urea using Green Ammonia
🔆 ENVIRONMENT
📍 Declining Bird Migration Linked to Insect Mismatch
✅ Climate change is disrupting synchronisation between bird migration and arthropod emergence
✅ Rising temperatures cause insects to emerge earlier at higher elevations
✅ Migratory birds often arrive after peak food availability
✅ Insect-eating and ground-feeding birds are most affected
✅ Arthropods undergo diapause (winter dormancy) during cold conditions
📍 DNA Metabarcoding Reveals Dhole Diet
✅ Study found dholes (Asiatic wild dogs) primarily prey on chital and sambar
✅ Researchers identified 15 prey species using DNA metabarcoding
✅ Technique analyses environmental DNA (eDNA) from samples such as soil and water
✅ Uses DNA extraction, PCR amplification and high-throughput sequencing
✅ Enables rapid identification of multiple species from mixed biological samples
🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS
📍 World Hepatitis Day 2026
✅ Observed annually on 28 July
✅ Theme: “Hepatitis: Let’s Break It Down”
✅ Aims to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030
✅ Officially observed by WHO since 2010
🔆 SPORTS
📍 Mirabai Chanu Wins Third Consecutive Commonwealth Games Gold
✅ Won Gold Medal in Women’s 48 kg Weightlifting
✅ Achieved a record total lift of 190 kg
✅ Third consecutive Commonwealth Games Gold after 2018 and 2022
✅ Competition held in Glasgow, Scotland
🔆 ECONOMY
📍 Number of ₹100-Crore Income Earners Rises Sharply
✅ 576 individuals declared income exceeding ₹100 crore in Assessment Year 2025–26
✅ Around fourfold increase over the last 5 years
✅ Data released by the Ministry of Finance
✅ Government clarified that “billionaire” has no statutory definition under the Income Tax Act
#CurrentAffairs
🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
📍 Prevention of Insults to National Honour (Amendment) Bill, 2026
✅ Introduced in the Rajya Sabha
✅ Amends the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971
✅ Extends protection to Vande Mataram alongside Jana Gana Mana
✅ Criminalises intentionally preventing the singing of Vande Mataram or disrupting its rendition
✅ Punishment: Up to 3 years’ imprisonment, fine or both; repeat offenders face a minimum 1-year imprisonment
📍 Supreme Court Reaffirms Right to Peaceful Protest
✅ Right to peaceful and lawful protest protected under the Constitution
✅ Police excesses such as lathi-charge cannot be justified merely due to public protests
✅ Supreme Court is considering a uniform nationwide protocol for police conduct during protests
✅ Held that use of pellet guns/Projectile Action Guns (PAGs) violates the principles of necessity, proportionality and reasonableness
✅ Reinforces Article 19(1)(b) guaranteeing the Right to Assemble Peacefully
🔆 INTERNATIONAL
📍 Spain Declares National Emergency Over Wildfires
✅ Spain declared a national emergency due to an unprecedented wildfire crisis
✅ First such declaration in Spanish history specifically for wildfires
✅ Triggered by extreme heat (above 39°C) and strong winds
✅ India’s National Emergency under Article 352 can be proclaimed only during war, external aggression or armed rebellion
✅ National Emergency has been declared in India three times: 1962, 1971 and 1975
🔆 AGRICULTURE
📍 Integrated Farming Gains Momentum in Northeast India
✅ Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) combine crops, livestock, fishery, poultry and trees
✅ Promoted under the Joint Initiative for Village Advancement (JIVA) in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
✅ Animal waste used as manure, crop residues feed livestock and pond water irrigates crops
✅ Improves year-round income, biodiversity and climate resilience
✅ JIVA launched by NABARD in 2022 to promote agroecology-based natural farming
📍 Government Approves Use of Anhydrous Ammonia as Fertiliser
✅ Approved for agricultural use for an initial period of 3 years
✅ Contains 82% nitrogen, compared to 46% in conventional urea
✅ Expected to improve fertiliser efficiency by around 10%
✅ Supports the National Green Hydrogen Mission
✅ Promotes production of Green Urea using Green Ammonia
🔆 ENVIRONMENT
📍 Declining Bird Migration Linked to Insect Mismatch
✅ Climate change is disrupting synchronisation between bird migration and arthropod emergence
✅ Rising temperatures cause insects to emerge earlier at higher elevations
✅ Migratory birds often arrive after peak food availability
✅ Insect-eating and ground-feeding birds are most affected
✅ Arthropods undergo diapause (winter dormancy) during cold conditions
📍 DNA Metabarcoding Reveals Dhole Diet
✅ Study found dholes (Asiatic wild dogs) primarily prey on chital and sambar
✅ Researchers identified 15 prey species using DNA metabarcoding
✅ Technique analyses environmental DNA (eDNA) from samples such as soil and water
✅ Uses DNA extraction, PCR amplification and high-throughput sequencing
✅ Enables rapid identification of multiple species from mixed biological samples
🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS
📍 World Hepatitis Day 2026
✅ Observed annually on 28 July
✅ Theme: “Hepatitis: Let’s Break It Down”
✅ Aims to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030
✅ Officially observed by WHO since 2010
🔆 SPORTS
📍 Mirabai Chanu Wins Third Consecutive Commonwealth Games Gold
✅ Won Gold Medal in Women’s 48 kg Weightlifting
✅ Achieved a record total lift of 190 kg
✅ Third consecutive Commonwealth Games Gold after 2018 and 2022
✅ Competition held in Glasgow, Scotland
🔆 ECONOMY
📍 Number of ₹100-Crore Income Earners Rises Sharply
✅ 576 individuals declared income exceeding ₹100 crore in Assessment Year 2025–26
✅ Around fourfold increase over the last 5 years
✅ Data released by the Ministry of Finance
✅ Government clarified that “billionaire” has no statutory definition under the Income Tax Act
#CurrentAffairs
❤2
#Goodmorning
⏳22 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳297 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳386 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳129 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳46 Day left CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
⏳40 day left Mppsc mains26 7 September
⏳8 days left Afcat 8 august
⏳8 days left mppsc mains25 8 august
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳22 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳297 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳386 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳129 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳46 Day left CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
⏳40 day left Mppsc mains26 7 September
⏳8 days left Afcat 8 august
⏳8 days left mppsc mains25 8 august
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤1
🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 29 JULY 2026
🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE
📍 650th Birth Anniversary of Sant Guru Ravidas
✅ Government launched Samarasya Sankalp Abhiyan to commemorate the 650th birth anniversary of Sant Guru Ravidas
✅ Campaign runs from 29 July 2026 to 20 February 2027 (Magha Purnima)
✅ Guru Ravidas was a 15th–16th century Bhakti movement saint and mystic poet
✅ His hymns are included in the Guru Granth Sahib
✅ His compositions also appear in the Panch Vani of the Dadu Panthi tradition
🔆 GEOGRAPHY
📍 Kosi–Mechi Link Project
✅ Targeted for completion by March 2029
✅ Included under PMKSY–Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP)
✅ India and Nepal continue dialogue on Kosi River dam projects
✅ Joint Project Office (JPO-SKSKI) established in 2003 is preparing DPRs for the Sapta Kosi Multipurpose Project
🔆 INTERNATIONAL
📍 UNESCO Updates List of World Heritage in Danger
✅ During the 48th Session in Busan, Republic of Korea, UNESCO added 6 new sites to the List of World Heritage in Danger
✅ Mechanism created under the 1972 World Heritage Convention
✅ Aims to mobilise international assistance, funding and conservation efforts
✅ Newly added sites include Boma-Badingilo (South Sudan), Tyre & Mount Amel Castles (Lebanon), Sebastia (Palestine), Taurica Chersonese (Ukraine) and Historic Inner City of Paramaribo (Suriname)
📍 UNESCO Adds 25 New World Heritage Sites
✅ UNESCO added 25 new World Heritage Sites, taking the global total to 1,273
✅ Sarnath became India’s newest World Heritage Site
✅ First-ever inscriptions for three African countries
✅ All inscriptions adopted by consensus
📍 India Becomes World’s Second-Largest Supplier of Seafarers
✅ India now ranks 2nd globally, after the Philippines
✅ Contributes 311,936 seafarers, accounting for 12.16% of the global workforce
✅ India’s share increased from 5.2% (2015) to 12.16% (2026)
✅ Mission 20% aims to raise India’s global share to 20%
📍 Wildfire Crisis Intensifies Across Europe
✅ Major wildfires continue across France, Spain, Italy and parts of Scotland
✅ Gironde (France) emerged as Europe’s largest wildfire hotspot
✅ Spain remains under a national emergency due to wildfires
✅ Extreme heat and climate change continue to intensify wildfire risks
🔆 ECONOMY
📍 India’s First Direct Commercial Container Freight Train to Nepal
✅ First direct commercial freight service reached Biratnagar Customs Yard, Nepal
✅ Route: Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Port (Kolkata) – Jogbani – Biratnagar
✅ Train carried 40 wagons of bulk canola grain
✅ Eliminates border transshipment under the revised India–Nepal Rail Transit Protocol
✅ Reduces logistics costs, cargo damage and transit time
🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
📍 Astronomers Discover Actively Forming Blue Straggler Star
✅ Blue Straggler Stars (BSS) appear hotter, brighter and more massive than neighbouring stars
✅ Form through mass transfer from a companion or stellar mergers
✅ Newly discovered BSS has 1.67 solar masses
✅ Companion star has about 0.32 solar mass
✅ Discovery provides insights into stellar evolution and star cluster dynamics
📍 Andromeda Galaxy’s Star Formation Declines
✅ Star formation has declined significantly, especially over the last 40 million years
✅ Andromeda is around 2–2.5 times wider than the Milky Way
✅ Scientists identified a “dead zone” near satellite galaxy M32
✅ Milky Way and Andromeda have a possibility of colliding within the next 10 billion years
📍 China Tests World’s Largest Superconducting Fusion Magnet
✅ Developed for China’s “Artificial Sun” nuclear fusion project
✅ Weight: 582 metric tonnes
✅ Magnetic field strength: 6.5 Tesla
✅ Operates at around −269°C
✅ Carries electrical current exceeding 100,000 amperes
✅ Designed lifespan: 60 years
#CurrentAffairs
🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE
📍 650th Birth Anniversary of Sant Guru Ravidas
✅ Government launched Samarasya Sankalp Abhiyan to commemorate the 650th birth anniversary of Sant Guru Ravidas
✅ Campaign runs from 29 July 2026 to 20 February 2027 (Magha Purnima)
✅ Guru Ravidas was a 15th–16th century Bhakti movement saint and mystic poet
✅ His hymns are included in the Guru Granth Sahib
✅ His compositions also appear in the Panch Vani of the Dadu Panthi tradition
🔆 GEOGRAPHY
📍 Kosi–Mechi Link Project
✅ Targeted for completion by March 2029
✅ Included under PMKSY–Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP)
✅ India and Nepal continue dialogue on Kosi River dam projects
✅ Joint Project Office (JPO-SKSKI) established in 2003 is preparing DPRs for the Sapta Kosi Multipurpose Project
🔆 INTERNATIONAL
📍 UNESCO Updates List of World Heritage in Danger
✅ During the 48th Session in Busan, Republic of Korea, UNESCO added 6 new sites to the List of World Heritage in Danger
✅ Mechanism created under the 1972 World Heritage Convention
✅ Aims to mobilise international assistance, funding and conservation efforts
✅ Newly added sites include Boma-Badingilo (South Sudan), Tyre & Mount Amel Castles (Lebanon), Sebastia (Palestine), Taurica Chersonese (Ukraine) and Historic Inner City of Paramaribo (Suriname)
📍 UNESCO Adds 25 New World Heritage Sites
✅ UNESCO added 25 new World Heritage Sites, taking the global total to 1,273
✅ Sarnath became India’s newest World Heritage Site
✅ First-ever inscriptions for three African countries
✅ All inscriptions adopted by consensus
📍 India Becomes World’s Second-Largest Supplier of Seafarers
✅ India now ranks 2nd globally, after the Philippines
✅ Contributes 311,936 seafarers, accounting for 12.16% of the global workforce
✅ India’s share increased from 5.2% (2015) to 12.16% (2026)
✅ Mission 20% aims to raise India’s global share to 20%
📍 Wildfire Crisis Intensifies Across Europe
✅ Major wildfires continue across France, Spain, Italy and parts of Scotland
✅ Gironde (France) emerged as Europe’s largest wildfire hotspot
✅ Spain remains under a national emergency due to wildfires
✅ Extreme heat and climate change continue to intensify wildfire risks
🔆 ECONOMY
📍 India’s First Direct Commercial Container Freight Train to Nepal
✅ First direct commercial freight service reached Biratnagar Customs Yard, Nepal
✅ Route: Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Port (Kolkata) – Jogbani – Biratnagar
✅ Train carried 40 wagons of bulk canola grain
✅ Eliminates border transshipment under the revised India–Nepal Rail Transit Protocol
✅ Reduces logistics costs, cargo damage and transit time
🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
📍 Astronomers Discover Actively Forming Blue Straggler Star
✅ Blue Straggler Stars (BSS) appear hotter, brighter and more massive than neighbouring stars
✅ Form through mass transfer from a companion or stellar mergers
✅ Newly discovered BSS has 1.67 solar masses
✅ Companion star has about 0.32 solar mass
✅ Discovery provides insights into stellar evolution and star cluster dynamics
📍 Andromeda Galaxy’s Star Formation Declines
✅ Star formation has declined significantly, especially over the last 40 million years
✅ Andromeda is around 2–2.5 times wider than the Milky Way
✅ Scientists identified a “dead zone” near satellite galaxy M32
✅ Milky Way and Andromeda have a possibility of colliding within the next 10 billion years
📍 China Tests World’s Largest Superconducting Fusion Magnet
✅ Developed for China’s “Artificial Sun” nuclear fusion project
✅ Weight: 582 metric tonnes
✅ Magnetic field strength: 6.5 Tesla
✅ Operates at around −269°C
✅ Carries electrical current exceeding 100,000 amperes
✅ Designed lifespan: 60 years
#CurrentAffairs
❤8
SOCIETY NOTES Mains shorts notes anmol vachan
STOP Reading Multiple Sources! Master the Society syllabus with one compact, high-quality notes package.
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• Complete UPSC Mains Society syllabus
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A small investment for marks that can make a big difference in your UPSC journey.
STOP Reading Multiple Sources! Master the Society syllabus with one compact, high-quality notes package.
📖 What's Inside?
• Complete UPSC Mains Society syllabus
• Crisp & examiner-oriented content in just 35+ pages
• Latest examples & current affairs integration
• Last-minute revision friendly
• PNG IMAGE format Telegram channel
🎯 Designed to Maximize Marks, Not Just Knowledge!
💸 Price: ₹99 Only
Contact - @Mains_Short_notes_bot
A small investment for marks that can make a big difference in your UPSC journey.
❤2
🔆 India’s First Indigenous Expendable Turbojet Engine
📍 Why in News?
✅ India achieved a major milestone in aerospace technology with the successful development of its first indigenous expendable turbojet engine
📍 Key Highlights
✅ Designed by DRDO’s Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE)
✅ Manufactured by Azad Engineering, Hyderabad
✅ Engine formally delivered to GTRE
✅ Thrust Class: 350 kg
✅ Developed for defence applications, particularly expendable aerial platforms
📍 What is an Expendable Turbojet Engine?
✅ A single-use jet engine designed for platforms such as cruise missiles and loitering munitions
✅ Optimised for high speed, compact size, and cost-effectiveness
✅ Does not require recovery or reuse after the mission
📍 Working Mechanism
✅ Air Intake & Compression – Incoming air is compressed to increase pressure
✅ Combustion – Fuel mixes with compressed air and burns, generating high-temperature gases
✅ Turbine – Expanding gases rotate the turbine, which drives the compressor
✅ Nozzle – Exhaust gases exit at high speed, producing thrust based on Newton’s Third Law of Motion
📍 Significance
✅ Strengthens Aatmanirbhar Bharat in critical aerospace technologies
✅ Reduces dependence on imported propulsion systems
✅ Enhances indigenous capability in missile and UAV propulsion
✅ Demonstrates India’s growing expertise in advanced metallurgy, precision engineering, and gas turbine technology
📍 UPSC Value Addition
✅ GTRE is a laboratory of DRDO engaged in the design and development of gas turbine engines for defence applications
✅ Turbojet Engine produces thrust primarily through high-velocity exhaust gases and is suitable for high-speed flight
📍 Mains Question
“Indigenous aero-engine technology is a critical pillar of India’s strategic autonomy in defence manufacturing. Discuss with reference to the development of India’s first indigenous expendable turbojet engine.” (15 Marks, 250 Words)
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Why in News?
✅ India achieved a major milestone in aerospace technology with the successful development of its first indigenous expendable turbojet engine
📍 Key Highlights
✅ Designed by DRDO’s Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE)
✅ Manufactured by Azad Engineering, Hyderabad
✅ Engine formally delivered to GTRE
✅ Thrust Class: 350 kg
✅ Developed for defence applications, particularly expendable aerial platforms
📍 What is an Expendable Turbojet Engine?
✅ A single-use jet engine designed for platforms such as cruise missiles and loitering munitions
✅ Optimised for high speed, compact size, and cost-effectiveness
✅ Does not require recovery or reuse after the mission
📍 Working Mechanism
✅ Air Intake & Compression – Incoming air is compressed to increase pressure
✅ Combustion – Fuel mixes with compressed air and burns, generating high-temperature gases
✅ Turbine – Expanding gases rotate the turbine, which drives the compressor
✅ Nozzle – Exhaust gases exit at high speed, producing thrust based on Newton’s Third Law of Motion
📍 Significance
✅ Strengthens Aatmanirbhar Bharat in critical aerospace technologies
✅ Reduces dependence on imported propulsion systems
✅ Enhances indigenous capability in missile and UAV propulsion
✅ Demonstrates India’s growing expertise in advanced metallurgy, precision engineering, and gas turbine technology
📍 UPSC Value Addition
✅ GTRE is a laboratory of DRDO engaged in the design and development of gas turbine engines for defence applications
✅ Turbojet Engine produces thrust primarily through high-velocity exhaust gases and is suitable for high-speed flight
📍 Mains Question
“Indigenous aero-engine technology is a critical pillar of India’s strategic autonomy in defence manufacturing. Discuss with reference to the development of India’s first indigenous expendable turbojet engine.” (15 Marks, 250 Words)
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
❤3
Q. Mobilizing capital at scale, rather than the mere availability of financial instruments, remains the primary hurdle for India’s climate adaptation and mitigation targets. Evaluate the statement in the context of recent RBI initiatives and the need for a comprehensive Climate Finance Taxonomy. (15 Marks | 250 Words)
👏1
#Goodmorning
⏳21 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳296 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳385 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳128 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳45 Day left CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
⏳39 day left Mppsc mains26 7 September
⏳8 days left Afcat 8 august
⏳8 days left mppsc mains25 8 august
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳21 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳296 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳385 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳128 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳45 Day left CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
⏳39 day left Mppsc mains26 7 September
⏳8 days left Afcat 8 august
⏳8 days left mppsc mains25 8 august
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 30 JULY 2026
🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
📍 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) Completes 150 Years
✅ Celebrated its 150th Foundation Anniversary on 29 July 2026
✅ Founded in 1876 by Dr. Mahendralal Sircar
✅ Located in Kolkata
✅ One of India’s oldest scientific research institutions
✅ Sir C.V. Raman discovered the Raman Effect here on 28 February 1928, earning India’s first Nobel Prize in Science (1930)
📍 ISRO Conducts YUVIKA 2026
✅ Young Scientist Programme (YUVIKA) completed its 6th edition
✅ Two-week residential programme for Class IX students
✅ 456 students trained across 9 ISRO centres
✅ Focus on space science, STEM education and experiential learning
✅ Selection based on academic performance, rural background, science activities, Olympiads, sports and NCC/Scouts & Guides
📍 INSPIRE Programme
✅ Flagship scheme of the Department of Science & Technology (DST)
✅ Aims to attract young talent towards science and research
✅ INSPIRE Award (MANAK): ₹10,000 support for innovative student projects
✅ Includes Scholarships for Higher Education, INSPIRE Fellowship and Faculty Fellowship
✅ Promotes scientific research without competitive examinations
📍 Atmanirbhar Panchayat Programme
✅ Initiative of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj
✅ Implemented under Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA)
✅ Aims to strengthen Own Source Revenue (OSR) and fiscal autonomy of Panchayats
✅ Technical and financial support from NABARD and HUDCO
✅ Targets development of 350 projects over four years
📍 High-Powered Task Force on Examination Reforms
✅ Announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
✅ Chaired by Nandan Nilekani
✅ Aims to make National Testing Agency (NTA) examinations secure, transparent and technology-driven
✅ Focus on technology integration, tamper-proof logistics, administrative reforms and fast-track courts for exam-related offences
🔆 BANKING & FINANCE
📍 RBI to Introduce Polymer Banknotes
✅ Government approved RBI’s proposal to issue ₹10 and ₹20 polymer banknotes
✅ Made from biaxially oriented polypropylene (plastic substrate)
✅ More durable than conventional paper currency
✅ Existing paper notes will continue to circulate alongside polymer notes during the transition phase
✅ Expected to improve note durability and reduce replacement costs
🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
📍 Kimi K3 AI Model
✅ Developed by Moonshot AI (China)
✅ Among the world’s largest open-weight AI models
✅ Features 2.8 trillion parameters with a 1-million-token context window
✅ Uses Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture
✅ Designed for advanced software development, research automation and coding tasks
🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS
📍 International Day of Friendship
✅ Observed annually on 30 July
✅ Proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2011
✅ Originally proposed in 1958 by Dr. Ramón Artemio Bracho of Paraguay
✅ Promotes peace, friendship, cultural understanding and global solidarity
📍 Global Tiger Day
✅ Observed annually on 29 July
✅ Established at the Saint Petersburg Tiger Summit (2010), Russia
✅ Promotes tiger conservation and protection of natural habitats
✅ Summit launched the Tx2 Initiative to double the global wild tiger population
✅ India is home to around 70–75% of the world’s wild tigers
🔆 AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS
📍 Fields Medal
✅ Highest international honour in Mathematics
✅ Founded by John Charles Fields
✅ Awarded every four years
✅ Eligible recipients must be below 40 years of age
✅ Includes a gold medal and 15,000 Canadian dollars
✅ First awarded in 1936 at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM)
#CurrentAffairs
🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
📍 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) Completes 150 Years
✅ Celebrated its 150th Foundation Anniversary on 29 July 2026
✅ Founded in 1876 by Dr. Mahendralal Sircar
✅ Located in Kolkata
✅ One of India’s oldest scientific research institutions
✅ Sir C.V. Raman discovered the Raman Effect here on 28 February 1928, earning India’s first Nobel Prize in Science (1930)
📍 ISRO Conducts YUVIKA 2026
✅ Young Scientist Programme (YUVIKA) completed its 6th edition
✅ Two-week residential programme for Class IX students
✅ 456 students trained across 9 ISRO centres
✅ Focus on space science, STEM education and experiential learning
✅ Selection based on academic performance, rural background, science activities, Olympiads, sports and NCC/Scouts & Guides
📍 INSPIRE Programme
✅ Flagship scheme of the Department of Science & Technology (DST)
✅ Aims to attract young talent towards science and research
✅ INSPIRE Award (MANAK): ₹10,000 support for innovative student projects
✅ Includes Scholarships for Higher Education, INSPIRE Fellowship and Faculty Fellowship
✅ Promotes scientific research without competitive examinations
📍 Atmanirbhar Panchayat Programme
✅ Initiative of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj
✅ Implemented under Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA)
✅ Aims to strengthen Own Source Revenue (OSR) and fiscal autonomy of Panchayats
✅ Technical and financial support from NABARD and HUDCO
✅ Targets development of 350 projects over four years
📍 High-Powered Task Force on Examination Reforms
✅ Announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
✅ Chaired by Nandan Nilekani
✅ Aims to make National Testing Agency (NTA) examinations secure, transparent and technology-driven
✅ Focus on technology integration, tamper-proof logistics, administrative reforms and fast-track courts for exam-related offences
🔆 BANKING & FINANCE
📍 RBI to Introduce Polymer Banknotes
✅ Government approved RBI’s proposal to issue ₹10 and ₹20 polymer banknotes
✅ Made from biaxially oriented polypropylene (plastic substrate)
✅ More durable than conventional paper currency
✅ Existing paper notes will continue to circulate alongside polymer notes during the transition phase
✅ Expected to improve note durability and reduce replacement costs
🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
📍 Kimi K3 AI Model
✅ Developed by Moonshot AI (China)
✅ Among the world’s largest open-weight AI models
✅ Features 2.8 trillion parameters with a 1-million-token context window
✅ Uses Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture
✅ Designed for advanced software development, research automation and coding tasks
🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS
📍 International Day of Friendship
✅ Observed annually on 30 July
✅ Proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2011
✅ Originally proposed in 1958 by Dr. Ramón Artemio Bracho of Paraguay
✅ Promotes peace, friendship, cultural understanding and global solidarity
📍 Global Tiger Day
✅ Observed annually on 29 July
✅ Established at the Saint Petersburg Tiger Summit (2010), Russia
✅ Promotes tiger conservation and protection of natural habitats
✅ Summit launched the Tx2 Initiative to double the global wild tiger population
✅ India is home to around 70–75% of the world’s wild tigers
🔆 AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS
📍 Fields Medal
✅ Highest international honour in Mathematics
✅ Founded by John Charles Fields
✅ Awarded every four years
✅ Eligible recipients must be below 40 years of age
✅ Includes a gold medal and 15,000 Canadian dollars
✅ First awarded in 1936 at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM)
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