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🔆 Sowa-Rigpa & Bhoti-Language Manuscripts

📍 Why in News?
✅ Ayush Minister Prataprao Jadhav called for global recognition of Sowa-Rigpa as an evidence-based system of medicine
✅ He also emphasised preservation of ancient Bhoti-language manuscripts containing valuable knowledge of Sowa-Rigpa

🔆 About Sowa-Rigpa

📍 What is it?
✅ Sowa-Rigpa is one of the world’s oldest traditional systems of medicine
✅ Also known as the Amchi System and Tibetan Medicine
✅ The term Sowa-Rigpa means “Knowledge of Healing” and originates from the Bhoti language
✅ Buddha is traditionally regarded as the originator of this system

📍 Geographical Spread
✅ Developed and strengthened in the Trans-Himalayan region
✅ Practised in Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Darjeeling
✅ Also practised in parts of China, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia, and Russia

🔆 Key Features
✅ More than 75% of its texts are derived from Ashtanga Hridaya, an important classical text of Ayurveda
✅ Uses several Indian medicinal plants and formulations, including Ashwagandha, Guggulu, Triphala, Ashoka, and Haridra
✅ Gyud-Zi (Four Tantras) is the fundamental textbook of Sowa-Rigpa
✅ Recognised under India’s Ayush framework
✅ Represents an important repository of Trans-Himalayan traditional medical knowledge

🔆 National Institute of Sowa-Rigpa
✅ National Institute of Sowa-Rigpa is India’s apex institution for education, research, and healthcare in the Sowa-Rigpa system

🔆 Bhoti-Language Manuscripts

📍 What are they?
✅ Historical, religious, and medical texts written in the traditional Bhoti script
✅ Bhoti script is derived from the Tibetan script
✅ Traditionally used extensively in Buddhist monasteries for religious teachings and scriptures
✅ Some manuscripts preserve centuries-old knowledge of Sowa-Rigpa

🔆 Significance
✅ Preservation of Bhoti manuscripts can help safeguard traditional medical knowledge and cultural heritage
✅ Scientific study and documentation can support the evidence-based validation of traditional practices
✅ Recognition of Sowa-Rigpa can strengthen India’s traditional medicine diplomacy and cultural heritage
✅ Protecting manuscripts is important for preventing the loss of indigenous knowledge passed through generations

🔆 Prelims Facts

✅ Sowa-Rigpa → “Knowledge of Healing”
✅ Also known as → Amchi / Tibetan Medicine
✅ Core text → Gyud-Zi (Four Tantras)
✅ Major influence → Ashtanga Hridaya
✅ Region → Trans-Himalayan region
✅ Bhoti script → Derived from Tibetan script
✅ National Institute of Sowa-Rigpa → India’s apex institution for education, research and healthcare in Sowa-Rigpa

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9th August editorial summary

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What is loss & damage?
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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 10 AUGUST 2026

🔆 GEOGRAPHY

📍 Mising Community – Assam
✅ Mising is Assam’s second-largest plains tribe
✅ Known for adapting to the seasonal floods of the Brahmaputra River
✅ Chang Ghar: Bamboo-and-wood houses built on raised platforms; can be rebuilt after severe floods
✅ Agricultural cycles are aligned with the river’s natural ebb and flow
✅ Sustainable fishing practices are used during the monsoon
✅ Ali-Aye-Ligang festival, animist traditions and handloom practices reflect their cultural ecology
✅ Boro/Bodo is Assam’s largest plains tribe

🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

📍 13th BRICS Education Ministers’ Meeting
✅ Held in Bhubaneswar, Odisha
✅ Hosted by the Ministry of Education under India’s BRICS Chairship 2026
✅ Theme: “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation, and Sustainability”
✅ Focus: ECCE, skill development, research & innovation, mutual recognition of qualifications and academic leadership
✅ Members adopted the 13th BRICS Education Ministers’ Declaration
✅ BRICS Network University to incorporate traditional and indigenous knowledge as a new International Thematic Group

📍 E-Samudra Platform
✅ Launched by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW)
✅ Developed with technology partner CMS Computers India Ltd.
✅ Aim: shift maritime administration towards Digital First and Faceless Governance
✅ Provides a single digital window for ports, shipping companies and seafarers
✅ Enables paperless transactions, online payments and real-time request tracking
✅ Generates tamper-proof digital certificates
✅ e-NAVIK: 24×7 seafarer grievance-redressal portal
✅ d-SEA: Digital Seafarers Employment Agreement
✅ Includes vessel and seafarer-related digital modules

📍 Caste Enumeration in Census 2027
✅ Ladakh is set to lead Independent India’s first comprehensive caste enumeration
✅ First comprehensive caste-wise enumeration since the 1931 Census
✅ Census 2027 will be India’s first digital census
✅ Ladakh will primarily use paper schedules due to security concerns near sensitive border areas
✅ 2011 SECC was an independent survey and did not have statutory backing under the Census Act, 1948
✅ Its caste data was not publicly released due to data-quality concerns
✅ Census 2027 will have an open-ended caste column

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 India Crosses 300 GW Non-Fossil Fuel Capacity
✅ India crossed 300 GW of installed non-fossil fuel electricity capacity
✅ Capacity reached 300.50 GW in 2026
✅ Accounts for over 54% of total installed electricity capacity
✅ Total electricity capacity: around 552 GW
✅ Solar: 164.59 GW
✅ Wind: 58.14 GW
✅ Hydropower: 57.24 GW
✅ Bio-power: 11.75 GW
✅ Nuclear: 8.78 GW

🔆 AGRICULTURE

📍 Mithila Makhana Exported to Australia
✅ First-ever export of GI-tagged Mithila Makhana from Bihar to Australia
✅ Received GI tag in 2022
✅ Originates from the Mithila region of Bihar
✅ Mithila accounts for nearly 85% of India’s Makhana cultivation
✅ Also known as fox nut/gorgon nut
✅ Rich in plant-based protein, calcium, magnesium and antioxidants
✅ Low in cholesterol and fat

🔆 ENVIRONMENT

📍 Fishermen-led Invasive Species Removal – Ujani Reservoir
✅ India’s first fishermen-driven removal initiative launched at Ujani Reservoir, Maharashtra
✅ Launched by Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
✅ Reservoir lies on the Bhima River
✅ Targets invasive suckermouth catfish
✅ Local fishers are incentivised to capture and remove the invasive fish
✅ Combines biodiversity conservation with livelihood support

📍 Striped Hyena
✅ A 2026 study highlighted limited public understanding of the striped hyena’s secretive lifestyle
✅ Study conducted by HEAL and NCBS
✅ Scientific name: Hyaena hyaena
✅ Solitary and primarily nocturnal scavenger
✅ Found across parts of Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent
✅ Only living species in the genus Hyaena
✅ IUCN status: Near Threatened
✅ Global population: fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, according to the provided source

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🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 EVEREST Rocket Engine
✅ Developed by Astrobase Space Technologies
✅ Claimed as India’s first privately built 800 kN Full-Flow Staged Combustion (FFSC) engine
✅ Propellants: Liquid Oxygen (LOX) + Liquid Methane
✅ Thrust: 800 kN
✅ Specific impulse: 340 seconds
✅ Throttle range: 50–110%
✅ Designed for reusable medium-lift launch vehicles
✅ FFSC capability places India alongside Russia, USA and China, according to the source

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📍 International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples
✅ Observed annually on 9 August
✅ Established by the UN General Assembly in 1994
✅ Commemorates the first meeting of the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations in 1982
✅ Aim: promote and protect the rights of Indigenous peoples
✅ 2026 Theme: “Honouring Indigenous Midwives: Safeguarding Life and Well-being”

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10th August UPSC current affairs

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10th August pib summary
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🔆 Suo Motu Cognisance and the Limits of Judicial Intervention

📍 Why in Focus?
✅ The increasing use of suo motu cognisance by the Supreme Court of India has sparked debate over judicial activism, separation of powers, and the role of lower courts.

📍 What is Suo Motu Cognisance?
✅ Suo motu means “on its own motion”.
✅ Empowers the Supreme Court and High Courts to initiate proceedings without a formal petition.
✅ Derived from the broad constitutional powers under Article 32 and Article 142.
✅ Evolved through the expansion of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) jurisprudence.

📍 Purpose
✅ Protect fundamental rights when affected persons cannot approach courts.
✅ Address grave injustices and constitutional violations.
✅ Respond to state inaction or systemic failures.
✅ Act as a constitutional safeguard in exceptional situations.

📍 Rise in Suo Motu Cases
✅ Increasingly used as an active judicial tool rather than a rare residual power.
✅ The Supreme Court registered more suo motu cases during 2020–24 than in the preceding fifteen years.
✅ Indicates growing judicial intervention in matters of public concern.

📍 Benefits of Suo Motu Jurisdiction
✅ Provides quick judicial response during emergencies.
✅ Protects vulnerable and marginalized groups.
✅ Ensures accountability of public authorities.
✅ Addresses issues involving human rights, governance failures, and environmental concerns.
✅ Strengthens public confidence in constitutional institutions.

📍 Concerns and Challenges
✅ Judicial Overreach: May blur the boundaries between judiciary, executive, and legislature.
✅ Media-Driven Intervention: High-profile cases receiving extensive media coverage often attract judicial attention.
✅ Bypassing Lower Courts: Frequent intervention may undermine confidence in subordinate courts.
✅ Selective Attention: Thousands of serious cases remain unheard while a few receive extraordinary monitoring.
✅ Institutional Burden: Diverts judicial resources from broader structural reforms.

📍 Need for Institutional Balance
✅ Respect the principle of Separation of Powers.
✅ Follow the principle of Subsidiarity, allowing lower courts and High Courts to address local matters first.
✅ Use suo motu powers primarily for systemic failures and constitutional crises.
✅ Strengthen trial courts through better infrastructure, staffing, and training.
✅ Establish objective guidelines for initiating suo motu proceedings.

📍 Way Forward
✅ Formulate transparent criteria for exercising suo motu jurisdiction.
✅ Focus on long-term judicial reforms rather than case-specific monitoring.
✅ Fill judicial vacancies and modernize court administration.
✅ Enhance coordination between the Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate judiciary.
✅ Preserve the exceptional nature of suo motu intervention.

📍 Significance
✅ Suo motu cognisance remains a powerful constitutional tool for protecting justice.
✅ However, excessive reliance may create perceptions of judicial paternalism and institutional overreach.
✅ A balance between judicial activism and judicial restraint is essential for maintaining constitutional governance.

📍 UPSC Relevance
✅ Prelims: Article 32, Article 142, PIL, Suo Motu Cognisance.
✅ Mains (GS2): Judiciary, Judicial Activism, Separation of Powers, Constitutional Governance, Judicial Reforms.
✅ Essay: Judicial Activism vs Judicial Restraint; Role of Judiciary in Democracy.

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🔆 Paramutation

📍 Why in News?
✅ New research suggests that genes inherited from one parent can sometimes silence corresponding genes inherited from the other parent
✅ The effect may persist across generations, challenging conventional understanding of genetic inheritance

🔆 What is Paramutation?
✅ Paramutation is an epigenetic phenomenon in which one allele of a gene can induce a heritable change in the expression of another allele
✅ The affected gene may be silenced or altered in its activity without changing its underlying DNA sequence
✅ The phenomenon involves epigenetic modifications, including the addition of methyl groups to DNA

🔆 How Does it Work?
✅ Genes inherited from both parents normally contribute to genetic traits through their DNA sequences
✅ In paramutation, one gene copy can influence the expression of another corresponding copy
✅ DNA methylation can modify gene activity by affecting whether a gene is switched on or off
✅ The altered expression pattern can potentially be transmitted to subsequent generations

🔆 Why is it Important?
✅ Challenges the conventional Mendelian view of inheritance, where inherited traits are primarily explained through DNA sequence transmission
✅ Demonstrates that gene expression can be influenced by epigenetic mechanisms
✅ Highlights how environmental and cellular mechanisms can influence the functioning of inherited genes
✅ Has important implications for understanding hereditary diseases, development, and evolution

🔆 Paramutation & Epigenetics

📍 Epigenetics
✅ Refers to changes in gene activity or expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence
✅ Major mechanisms include DNA methylation and modifications of proteins associated with DNA
✅ Such changes can sometimes be heritable

📍 Key Distinction
✅ Mutation → Changes the DNA sequence
✅ Epigenetic change → Changes gene expression without necessarily changing the DNA sequence
✅ Paramutation → One allele induces a heritable epigenetic change in another allele

🔆 Prelims Facts

✅ Paramutation → Heritable interaction between alleles causing altered gene expression
✅ Mechanism → Associated with epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation
✅ DNA sequence → Not necessarily altered
✅ Significance → Challenges the conventional understanding of inheritance and gene expression

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