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🔆 Gurudwara Reform Movement (Akali Movement)

📍 Background
🟢 Rationalist and progressive ideas of the 19th century influenced the Sikh community.
🟢 The Singh Sabha Movement, founded at Amritsar in 1873, promoted Western education and countered revivalist influences.
🟢 The Gurudwara Reform Movement, also known as the Akali Movement, emerged as an offshoot of the Singh Sabha Movement.

📍 Objective
🟢 To liberate Sikh Gurudwaras from the control of corrupt mahants, who enjoyed government support.

📍 The Movement
🟢 In 1921, the Akalis launched a mass non-violent, non-cooperation satyagraha against the mahants.
🟢 Groups of agitators compelled mahants and managers to hand over control of Gurudwaras to local devotees.
🟢 Initially, the government supported the reformers but changed its approach as the movement increasingly became linked with the national movement.

📍 Government Response
🟢 The British passed the Sikh Gurdwara Act, 1922, which was amended in 1925.
🟢 The legislation transferred control of Gurudwaras to the Akalis to appease the Moderate Akalis, while the government used repression against the Extremist Akalis.

📍 Significance
🟢 The Akalis participated in the freedom struggle whenever called upon.
🟢 Though the movement was sectarian in character, it was not communal.
🟢 It represented the assertion of Sikh religious autonomy against corrupt control and colonial interference.

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4th September pib summary
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🔆 Gollala Gudi Temple — Monument of National Importance

📍 Why in News?
🟢 The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has notified the Gollala Gudi Temple as a Monument of National Importance for its exquisite carvings.

📍 Location
🟢 Palampet, Mulugu district, Telangana
🟢 Located near the UNESCO-listed Ramappa Temple.

📍 Historical Background
🟢 Built during the Kakatiya Dynasty (12th–14th centuries).
🟢 It represents the distinctive architectural and sculptural traditions of the Kakatiya period.

📍 Architectural Features
🟢 Trikutalaya — a three-sanctum shrine with an east-facing mandapa (pillared hall).
🟢 Contains three garbhagrihas; the central sanctum houses a Shiva lingam.
🟢 Parapets are decorated with sculptures.
🟢 The entablature and doorways feature rows of carved hamsas along with jali (latticework).

📍 Sculptural & Artistic Features
🟢 Sculptures include dvarapalas, musicians, dancers, madanikas (celestial maidens) and lions.
🟢 Wall niches depict Vishnu, Lakshmi, Ganesha and Mahishasuramardini Durga.

📍 Legal Protection
🟢 The notification comes under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 (AMASR Act).

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 04 SEPTEMBER 2026

🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE

📍 Gollala Gudi Temple – Telangana
🟢 ASI has notified Gollala Gudi Temple as a Monument of National Importance for its exquisite carvings.
🟢 Location: Palampet, Mulugu district, Telangana, near the UNESCO-listed Ramappa Temple.
🟢 Period: Built during the Kakatiya Dynasty (12th–14th centuries).
🟢 Architecture: Trikutalaya with three sanctums and an east-facing mandapa.
🟢 Sculptures include dvarapalas, musicians, dancers, madanikas, lions, Vishnu, Lakshmi, Ganesha and Mahishasuramardini Durga.
🟢 Protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.

🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

📍 Retirement Age for District Judges
🟢 In All India Judges Association v. Union of India (2026), the Supreme Court directed several States to raise the retirement age of district judicial officers from 60 to 62 years.
🟢 Supreme Court judges: Retirement age – 65 years.
🟢 High Court judges: Retirement age – 62 years.
🟢 District & lower judiciary: Existing age – 60 years, with the Court pushing for enhancement to 62 years.
🟢 Background: Over 5.18 crore cases are pending in district courts.
🟢 Significance: Retaining experienced judicial officers could help address vacancies and reduce judicial delays.

🔆 ECONOMy

📍 Global Bond Sell-Off
🟢 A global bond sell-off occurs when investors simultaneously sell government and corporate bonds.
🟢 Major triggers: High inflation and massive US debt issuance.
🟢 Impact on Governments: Higher bond yields can increase future borrowing costs and strain public finances, including in India.
🟢 Impact on Private Sector: Higher borrowing costs may reduce private investment and increase financing expenses for businesses.

📍 Chipflation
🟢 Chipflation refers to rising prices of memory and semiconductor chips driven by massive demand from AI data centres.
🟢 The resulting chip shortage can increase prices of everyday consumer electronics.
🟢 Significance: Highlights how the global AI investment boom can create supply pressures across the wider electronics industry.

🔆 ENVIRONMENT

📍 National Wildlife Day 2026
🟢 Observed twice annually on 4 September and 22 February.
🟢 First celebrated: September 2005.
🟢 Established by: Animal behaviourist and philanthropist Colleen Paige.
🟢 Objective: Raise awareness about wildlife species and promote their conservation.
🟢 Do not confuse with: World Wildlife Day, observed annually on 3 March.

📍 International Vulture Awareness Day 2026
🟢 Observed on the first Saturday of September; falls on 5 September 2026.
🟢 Objective: Highlight the ecological importance and conservation needs of vultures.
🟢 Ecological role: Vultures rapidly consume animal carcasses, acting as nature’s clean-up crew and helping reduce risks from decaying carcasses.

📍 India–Germany Joint Declaration on Wetland Conservation
🟢 India and Germany signed a Joint Declaration of Intent on conservation and wise use of wetlands of international importance.
🟢 Signed during the 4th Indo-German Environment Forum (IGEF).
🟢 IGEF: Highest-level bilateral India–Germany forum on environmental policy; held since 2008.
🟢 Theme: “Together For More Resilience.”
🟢 Objective: Strengthen scientific cooperation and exchange best practices in wetland management.

🔆 SECURITY

📍 Khagantak-243
🟢 IAF successfully conducted a trial of the indigenous Khagantak-243 from a Su-30MKI at Pokhran Field Firing Range, Rajasthan.
🟢 Type: 300-kg-class airborne long-range stand-off precision-guided glide bomb.
🟢 Developer: Jointly designed by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and JSR Dynamics under the Development-cum-Production Partner model.
🟢 Range: 144–180 km when released from around 12 km altitude at Mach 0.8.
🟢 Glide bomb: Uses wings and flight-control surfaces to glide towards a target after being released from a distance.
🟢 Design: Cylindrical body, swivel-type mid-body glide wings and five aft control surfaces.

🔆 SPORTS

📍 6th World Nomad Games
🟢 Held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, from 31 August to 6 September 2026.
🟢 Nature: Biennial event celebrating the sporting traditions, culture and heritage of nomadic civilisations.
🟢 Origin: Linked to the Bishkek Declaration (2012) involving Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Türkiye.
🟢 Participation: Athletes from 100+ countries.
🟢 2026 edition: Features 43 disciplines, including traditional wrestling, Kok Boru, equestrian events, Toguz Korgool, Mangala and tug of war.
🟢 Cultural programme: UNESCO-recognised activities including Echo of Nomads, Nomad Fest, Heritage of Nomads, Art Lab and Ethno-Bazaar.
🟢 Indian contingent:87 members – 73 athletes, 10 cultural representatives and 4 participants in the scientific programme.

🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & ISSUES

📍 UN Votes to Adopt New World Map
🟢 UN General Assembly voted for the “Correct the Map” resolution to promote a world map that more accurately represents the relative size of continents, particularly Africa.
🟢 Sponsored by:Togo, backed by African Union members.
🟢 Voting: Supported by 164 countries, including France and the UK; the US voted against and six countries abstained.
🟢 Mercator Projection: Developed by Gerardus Mercator in 1569 and widely used for navigation.
🟢 Problem: Mercator projection exaggerates the size of regions near the poles; Africa appears comparable to Greenland despite being about 14 times larger.
🟢 Alternative:Equal Earth projection, developed in 2018, represents relative continental areas more accurately.
🟢 Significance: Highlights the importance of map projections in shaping perceptions of geographical size.

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5th September UPSC current affairs

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🔆 GIFT IFSC Mobilises $52.8 Billion Under RBI’s FCNR(B) Swap Facility

📍 Why in News?
🟢 GIFT City’s IFSC Banking Units (IBUs) disbursed over $52.82 billion under the RBI’s FCNR(B) swap facility, highlighting its growing role in mobilising global capital for India.

📍 Key Numbers
🟢 $54.02 billion sanctioned by 20 IBUs; $52.82 billion disbursed.
🟢 Sanctions nearly doubled from $28.6 bn (14 Aug) to $54 bn (31 Aug 2026).
🟢 ECB disbursements during Apr–Aug 2026: $11.62 billion.
🟢 Bond listings on IFSC exchanges: $11.12 billion.

📍 What is FCNR(B)?
🟢 Foreign-currency fixed deposits by NRIs, with principal and interest fully repatriable.
🟢 RBI’s swap facility incentivises banks to mobilise such foreign-currency inflows.
🟢 Banks bear the exchange-rate risk.

📍 Why is GIFT IFSC important?
🟢 Helps channel global liquidity into India’s external financing needs.
🟢 Promotes onshoring of financial activities earlier routed through offshore hubs.
🟢 Strengthens India’s ambition to emerge as an international financial hub.

📍 Concerns
🟢 Rupee depreciation at deposit maturity can strain banks.
🟢 Large future dollar outflows require careful exit planning.
🟢 GIFT IFSC still lags behind Singapore, Dubai and Hong Kong in liquidity and institutional maturity.

📍 Prelims
🟢 IFSCA: Unified regulator for IFSCs, established under the IFSCA Act, 2019.
🟢 IBU: Specialised banking entity operating within an IFSC.
🟢 GIFT City: India’s first operational IFSC, located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.

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6th September editorial summary

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Pichwai Paintings

A 400-year-old devotional art form from Nathdwara, Rajasthan, Pichwai paintings are dedicated to Lord Krishna as Shrinathji.

Traditionally painted on cloth, they depict Krishna, cows, lotus flowers, peacocks & festival scenes — a vibrant blend of faith, tradition & Indian craftsmanship.

“𝐏𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐇𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐢 𝐓𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐤𝐡𝐚𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐢” of Rajasthan added to India’s Tentative List of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre.

Spread across 14 historic towns in Rajasthan’s Shekhawati region, the site is a remarkable cultural landscape shaped by Rajput political traditions and the prosperity of Marwari merchant communities.

Its magnificent havelis, forts, bazaars, temples, chhatris and traditional water systems form cohesive historic townscapes adapted to the arid environment.

🔆 Menhirs & Megalithic Traditions

📍 Menhirs
✅ Large upright standing stones, usually uncarved, set individually or in groups.
✅ Purposes – burial markers, religious rituals, astronomical alignment, territorial markers.
✅ History – traced to Neolithic & Bronze Age; among the earliest monumental architecture.
✅ Astronomy – often aligned to solstices/equinoxes → evidence of ancient sky knowledge.
✅ Spread – found in Europe, Asia, Africa (Carnac–France, Stonehenge–UK, Mudumal–India).

📍 Megalithic Burial Sites
✅ “Megalith” = large stone monument, built from Neolithic to Iron Age.
✅ In India → mainly Iron Age (1500–500 BCE), some as early as 2000 BCE.
✅ Types –
• Polylithic: Dolmens, Cairns, Cromlech, Cists.
• Monolithic: Menhirs, Stone Circles.

📍 Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs (Telangana)
✅ Age: ~3,500–4,000 years old.
✅ One of South India’s largest burial grounds → ~80 tall menhirs + 3,000 smaller stones.
✅ Special alignments: some oriented to solstices & equinoxes; one stone shows Ursa Major constellation (earliest known in S. Asia).
✅ Cultural Value: linked to local folk traditions & worship.

✨ Significance for UPSC: Menhirs show India’s megalithic culture, scientific knowledge of astronomy, and continuity of sacred folk traditions.

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6th September pib summary
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🔆 Legal Metrology (IST) Rules, 2026 — ‘One Nation, One Time’

📍 Why in News?
🟢 The Government has notified the Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2026, giving Indian Standard Time (IST) a statutory framework and formally designating CSIR-NPL as its scientific custodian.

📍 Key Features
🟢 CSIR-NPL will generate and maintain India’s official time standard using atomic clocks.
🟢 Five Regional Reference Standard Laboratories (RRSLs) at Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Bhubaneswar, Faridabad and Guwahati will strengthen the distributed timing network.
🟢 IST will be disseminated through NavIC, NTP and PTP to sectors such as banking, telecom, power grids, transport, data centres and government ICT systems.
🟢 The Rules will come into force 180 days after 29 August 2026.

📍 Why does it matter?
🟢 Precise time synchronisation is crucial for digital payments, power-grid operations, telecom networks and cybersecurity.
🟢 Accurate timestamps help in transaction settlement, network synchronisation and cyber incident investigation.
🟢 A distributed architecture improves resilience and reduces the risk of a single point of failure.

📍 Challenges
🟢 Legacy systems and smaller enterprises may face difficulties in adopting precise time-synchronisation systems.
🟢 India’s single time zone remains a separate debate, given the country’s wide longitudinal spread.
🟢 Satellite-based timing may remain vulnerable to signal jamming and solar disturbances.

📍 Prelims Facts
🟢 CSIR-NPL: India’s National Metrology Institute
🟢 NavIC: India’s regional satellite navigation system
🟢 NTP: Network Time Protocol
🟢 PTP: Precision Time Protocol
🟢 Parent legislation: Legal Metrology Act, 2009

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