🔆 Regional Kingdom of Bengal — Short Notes
📍 Rise of EIC
🟢 Bengal was rich in textiles, silk, handicrafts, rice and saltpetre; major European settlements included Calcutta (British), Chinsura (Dutch) and Chandernagar (French).
🟢 Strong administration, taxation, banking, credit and inland waterways made Bengal highly attractive.
🟢 Farman of 1717: EIC got duty exemption on merchandise against ₹3,000 annual payment; Dastaks allowed duty-free passage.
🟢 Misuse of Dastaks and private trade by Company servants weakened the Nawab’s revenue and Indian traders.
📍 Conflict with Nawabs
🟢 EIC fortified Fort William without permission and misused trade privileges.
🟢 Siraj-ud-Daulah opposed these practices and attacked Calcutta in 1756.
🟢 Robert Clive recaptured Calcutta and entered secret negotiations with Mir Jafar, bankers and other nobles.
📍 Battle of Plassey — 1757
🟢 Fought between Siraj-ud-Daulah and EIC under Robert Clive.
🟢 Withdrawal of Mir Jafar’s forces weakened Siraj’s army; EIC won.
🟢 Siraj was killed and Mir Jafar became Nawab.
🟢 Mir Jafar paid heavy indemnity and ceded territory around Calcutta.
📍 Mir Kasim & Battle of Buxar
🟢 1760: Mir Jafar replaced by Mir Kasim, who ceded Burdwan, Midnapur and Chittagong.
🟢 Conflict over Dastaks/transit duties led to war in 1763.
🟢 Battle of Buxar (1764): EIC under Hector Munro defeated Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-Daula and Shah Alam II.
📍 Treaty of Allahabad — 1765
🟢 EIC obtained Diwani rights over Bengal-Bihar-Odisha.
🟢 Shah Alam II received an annual tribute of ₹26 lakh.
🟢 Shuja-ud-Daula retained Awadh and paid ₹50 lakh war indemnity.
🟢 Marked the beginning of Dual Government in Bengal.
#history #prelims #mains
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📍 Rise of EIC
🟢 Bengal was rich in textiles, silk, handicrafts, rice and saltpetre; major European settlements included Calcutta (British), Chinsura (Dutch) and Chandernagar (French).
🟢 Strong administration, taxation, banking, credit and inland waterways made Bengal highly attractive.
🟢 Farman of 1717: EIC got duty exemption on merchandise against ₹3,000 annual payment; Dastaks allowed duty-free passage.
🟢 Misuse of Dastaks and private trade by Company servants weakened the Nawab’s revenue and Indian traders.
📍 Conflict with Nawabs
🟢 EIC fortified Fort William without permission and misused trade privileges.
🟢 Siraj-ud-Daulah opposed these practices and attacked Calcutta in 1756.
🟢 Robert Clive recaptured Calcutta and entered secret negotiations with Mir Jafar, bankers and other nobles.
📍 Battle of Plassey — 1757
🟢 Fought between Siraj-ud-Daulah and EIC under Robert Clive.
🟢 Withdrawal of Mir Jafar’s forces weakened Siraj’s army; EIC won.
🟢 Siraj was killed and Mir Jafar became Nawab.
🟢 Mir Jafar paid heavy indemnity and ceded territory around Calcutta.
📍 Mir Kasim & Battle of Buxar
🟢 1760: Mir Jafar replaced by Mir Kasim, who ceded Burdwan, Midnapur and Chittagong.
🟢 Conflict over Dastaks/transit duties led to war in 1763.
🟢 Battle of Buxar (1764): EIC under Hector Munro defeated Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-Daula and Shah Alam II.
📍 Treaty of Allahabad — 1765
🟢 EIC obtained Diwani rights over Bengal-Bihar-Odisha.
🟢 Shah Alam II received an annual tribute of ₹26 lakh.
🟢 Shuja-ud-Daula retained Awadh and paid ₹50 lakh war indemnity.
🟢 Marked the beginning of Dual Government in Bengal.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
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⏳250 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
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APPSC GROUP 1 BRIEF NOTIFICATION 15-09-2026.pdf
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APPSC GROUP I applications from 6th Oct to 27th Oct,2026.
Date of Screening Test will be announced in Detailed Notification.
Date of Screening Test will be announced in Detailed Notification.
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MODERN HISTORY MAINS SHORT NOTES (Anmol Vachan)
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🔆 International Literacy Day 2026: ULLAS Mela
📍 Why in News?
The two-day International Literacy Day 2026 observance concluded in New Delhi with the ULLAS Mela, inaugurated by DoSEL Secretary Shri T. K. Anil Kumar.
📍 ULLAS Mela
🟢 The Mela showcased literacy best practices through exhibition stalls.
🟢 28 States/UTs participated.
🟢 Key institutional participants included NCERT, NCTE and NIOS.
🟢 It serves as the annual public showcase of the ULLAS initiative.
📍 ULLAS
🟢 Full Form: Understanding of Lifelong Learning for All in Society.
🟢 It is the Centre’s ongoing movement for adult literacy and functional literacy.
🟢 It extends the literacy agenda beyond basic reading and writing towards practical capabilities needed in everyday life.
📍 Emerging Dimensions of Literacy
🟢 Financial literacy — understanding financial services and decisions.
🟢 Legal literacy — awareness of rights and legal provisions.
🟢 Digital literacy — ability to engage effectively with digital technologies.
🟢 Electoral literacy — awareness and informed participation in the electoral process.
📍 Key Institutional Stakeholders
🟢 DoSEL: Department of School Education & Literacy.
🟢 NCERT: National Council of Educational Research and Training.
🟢 NCTE: National Council for Teacher Education.
🟢 NIOS: National Institute of Open Schooling.
🟢 States/UTs: Key partners in implementing and showcasing adult-literacy initiatives.
📍 Key Takeaway
ULLAS reflects the changing meaning of literacy—from traditional literacy towards lifelong, functional, financial, legal, digital and electoral literacy, supporting more informed and empowered citizens.
📌 Prelims Quick Fact
ULLAS → Understanding of Lifelong Learning for All in Society
ULLAS Mela → 28 States/UTs + NCERT + NCTE + NIOS
#Education
📍 Why in News?
The two-day International Literacy Day 2026 observance concluded in New Delhi with the ULLAS Mela, inaugurated by DoSEL Secretary Shri T. K. Anil Kumar.
📍 ULLAS Mela
🟢 The Mela showcased literacy best practices through exhibition stalls.
🟢 28 States/UTs participated.
🟢 Key institutional participants included NCERT, NCTE and NIOS.
🟢 It serves as the annual public showcase of the ULLAS initiative.
📍 ULLAS
🟢 Full Form: Understanding of Lifelong Learning for All in Society.
🟢 It is the Centre’s ongoing movement for adult literacy and functional literacy.
🟢 It extends the literacy agenda beyond basic reading and writing towards practical capabilities needed in everyday life.
📍 Emerging Dimensions of Literacy
🟢 Financial literacy — understanding financial services and decisions.
🟢 Legal literacy — awareness of rights and legal provisions.
🟢 Digital literacy — ability to engage effectively with digital technologies.
🟢 Electoral literacy — awareness and informed participation in the electoral process.
📍 Key Institutional Stakeholders
🟢 DoSEL: Department of School Education & Literacy.
🟢 NCERT: National Council of Educational Research and Training.
🟢 NCTE: National Council for Teacher Education.
🟢 NIOS: National Institute of Open Schooling.
🟢 States/UTs: Key partners in implementing and showcasing adult-literacy initiatives.
📍 Key Takeaway
ULLAS reflects the changing meaning of literacy—from traditional literacy towards lifelong, functional, financial, legal, digital and electoral literacy, supporting more informed and empowered citizens.
📌 Prelims Quick Fact
ULLAS → Understanding of Lifelong Learning for All in Society
ULLAS Mela → 28 States/UTs + NCERT + NCTE + NIOS
#Education
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#Goodmorning
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⏳249 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳338 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
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⏳81 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳75 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳71 days left Ifos mains 25 November
⏳61 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
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