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SARATCHANDRA CHATTOPADHYAY — 1876–1938

✅ Born: 15 Sept 1876 → Debanandapur, Hooghly
✅Died: 16 Jan 1938 → Calcutta
✅Language: Bengali
✅Field: Novelist + Short-story writer
✅Movement: Bengali Renaissance
✅ Political association: Indian National Congress
✅ Howrah Congress President: 1921–1936
✅ Important political novel: Pather Dabi
✅ Colonial action: Pather Dabi proscribed in 1927
✅Major works: Devdas, Parineeta, Srikanta, Pather Dabi, Charitraheen, Palli Samaj
✅Major themes: Women + Social reform + Poverty + Social realism + Human psychology
✅150th Birth Anniversary: 2026

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🔆 Peptides, Proteins & Hormones — Understanding the Difference

📍 Why in News?
🟢 Bengaluru’s first “Peptide Party” was cancelled after 200+ registrations for around 50 places, highlighting the growing interest in peptides and their potential health applications.

📍 Amino Acids — Building Blocks
🟢 Amino acids are the basic building blocks of peptides and proteins.
🟢 Humans use 20 different amino acids, which combine in different sequences to form proteins.

📍 Peptides vs Proteins
🟢 Peptides: Relatively short chains of amino acids, generally 2–50 amino acids.
🟢 Proteins: Larger chains, generally 50+ amino acids, with more complex folded structures.
🟢 Both occur naturally in the body and can also be synthesised.

📍 Key Functions
🟢 Peptides: Often act as signalling molecules and regulate biological functions; some can reduce inflammation and support muscle-building processes.
🟢 Proteins: Help build tissues, transport molecules and support immune responses.
🟢 Hormones: Act as chemical messengers, carrying signals between cells and organs.

📍 Important Point
🟢 A hormone is defined by its function, not its molecular structure.
🟢 Hormones can be proteins, steroids or amino-acid derivatives.
🟢 Some peptides and proteins can therefore function as hormones.

📍 Therapeutic Applications
🟢 Peptides: Insulin and semaglutide are established peptide medicines.
🟢 Proteins: Used in enzyme-replacement therapies and monoclonal antibody treatments.
🟢 Hormone therapy: May use synthetic or bioidentical hormones.

📌 Prelims Quick Revision:
🟢 Amino acids → building blocks
🟢 Peptides → shorter amino-acid chains
🟢 Proteins → larger, complex structures
🟢 Hormones → chemical messengers; may be peptides, proteins, steroids or derivatives

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