SARATCHANDRA CHATTOPADHYAY — 1876–1938

✅ Born: 15 Sept 1876 → Debanandapur, Hooghly
✅Died: 16 Jan 1938 → Calcutta
✅Language: Bengali
✅Field: Novelist + Short-story writer
✅Movement: Bengali Renaissance
✅ Political association: Indian National Congress
✅ Howrah Congress President: 1921–1936
✅ Important political novel: Pather Dabi
✅ Colonial action: Pather Dabi proscribed in 1927
✅Major works: Devdas, Parineeta, Srikanta, Pather Dabi, Charitraheen, Palli Samaj
✅Major themes: Women + Social reform + Poverty + Social realism + Human psychology
✅150th Birth Anniversary: 2026

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🔆 Peptides, Proteins & Hormones — Understanding the Difference

📍 Why in News?
🟢 Bengaluru’s first “Peptide Party” was cancelled after 200+ registrations for around 50 places, highlighting the growing interest in peptides and their potential health applications.

📍 Amino Acids — Building Blocks
🟢 Amino acids are the basic building blocks of peptides and proteins.
🟢 Humans use 20 different amino acids, which combine in different sequences to form proteins.

📍 Peptides vs Proteins
🟢 Peptides: Relatively short chains of amino acids, generally 2–50 amino acids.
🟢 Proteins: Larger chains, generally 50+ amino acids, with more complex folded structures.
🟢 Both occur naturally in the body and can also be synthesised.

📍 Key Functions
🟢 Peptides: Often act as signalling molecules and regulate biological functions; some can reduce inflammation and support muscle-building processes.
🟢 Proteins: Help build tissues, transport molecules and support immune responses.
🟢 Hormones: Act as chemical messengers, carrying signals between cells and organs.

📍 Important Point
🟢 A hormone is defined by its function, not its molecular structure.
🟢 Hormones can be proteins, steroids or amino-acid derivatives.
🟢 Some peptides and proteins can therefore function as hormones.

📍 Therapeutic Applications
🟢 Peptides: Insulin and semaglutide are established peptide medicines.
🟢 Proteins: Used in enzyme-replacement therapies and monoclonal antibody treatments.
🟢 Hormone therapy: May use synthetic or bioidentical hormones.

📌 Prelims Quick Revision:
🟢 Amino acids → building blocks
🟢 Peptides → shorter amino-acid chains
🟢 Proteins → larger, complex structures
🟢 Hormones → chemical messengers; may be peptides, proteins, steroids or derivatives

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UPPSC PCS Interview Schedule Out

🔆 STEM CELL THERAPY FOR AUTISM: HEALTH MINISTRY RESTRICTS USE TO APPROVED CLINICAL TRIALS

📍 Why in News?
🟢 The Union Health Ministry has asked States and Union Territories to restrict stem cell therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to duly approved clinical trials.

📍 What are Stem Cells?
🟢 Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into specialised cell types.
🟢 Role: Support tissue maintenance, repair and regeneration.
🟢 Types: Embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and perinatal stem cells.

📍 Stem Cell Therapy: Mechanism
🟢 Extraction: Stem cells are obtained from a suitable source and processed in a laboratory.
🟢 Specialisation: Cells may be directed or manipulated towards specific cell types.
🟢 Transplantation: Cells are introduced into the patient for therapeutic purposes, depending on the disease and treatment approach.

📍 Applications
🟢 Established use: Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is used to treat certain blood cancers and blood disorders, including leukaemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
🟢 Regenerative medicine: Research is exploring potential applications in Type 1 diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, heart failure and osteoarthritis.
🟢 Research & drug testing: Stem cells help study disease mechanisms and evaluate drug safety and toxicity.

📍 Stem Cell Therapy & Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
🟢 ASD is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviours.
🟢 ICMR’s 2021 evidence review did not support stem cell therapy as a standard or routine treatment for ASD.
🟢 Its therapeutic use in ASD is restricted to duly approved clinical trials with necessary regulatory approvals.

📍 UPSC MAINS QUESTION

Q. What is stem cell therapy? Discuss its applications in regenerative medicine and examine the ethical, scientific and regulatory challenges associated with its use in Autism Spectrum Disorder. (250 words)

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