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17th September editorial summary

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18th September editorial summary

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19th September pib summary
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🔆 Brain Death Certification in India

📍 Why in News?
✅ The Supreme Court of India has sought expert opinion from AIIMS on the use of EEG and angiogram in brain death certification.

🔆 What is Brain Stem Death?

✅ Brain death or brain stem death is an irreversible condition where all brain activities permanently stop.
✅ Automatic functions like breathing also cease completely.
✅ The body may still function temporarily with life-support systems.

📍 Major Causes
✅ Severe road accidents
✅ Falls and traumatic brain injuries
✅ Loss of oxygen supply to the brain

📍 Importance
✅ Crucial for organ donation such as heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, etc.

🔆 Legal Framework in India

✅ Governed by the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994.
✅ Certification process guided by NOTTO (National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation).

🔆 Protocol for Brain Death Certification

📍 Medical Board
✅ A 4-member board certifies brain death:
• Hospital in-charge
• Neurologist/Neurosurgeon
• Treating physician
• Another registered medical practitioner

📍 Mandatory Checks
✅ Doctors must identify the exact cause.
✅ Reversible conditions like drug intoxication, hypothermia, or metabolic imbalance must be ruled out.

📍 Apnea Test
✅ Checks whether the patient can breathe independently.
✅ Considered subjective and often not properly videographed.

📍 Repetition Rule
✅ Brain death must be confirmed twice with a 12-hour interval.

🔆 Role of EEG and Angiogram

📍 EEG (Electroencephalogram)
✅ Measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes.
✅ In brain death, EEG shows absence of electrical activity.

📍 Angiogram
✅ Uses contrast dye and X-rays to check blood flow in the brain.
✅ In brain death, it shows complete stoppage of blood flow to the brain.

🔆 Key Concerns

✅ Lack of proper training among doctors
✅ Inconsistent certification protocols
✅ Low awareness affecting organ donation rates
✅ Debate over reliability of apnea test alone

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19th September editorial summary

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Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) Key Sites & Excavators:

Harappa: Located on the Ravi River (Pakistan); excavated by Daya Ram Sahni (1921); key finds include coffin burials, H-Cemetery, rows of granaries, copper scales, and smelting crucibles

Mohenjo-daro: Located on the Indus River; excavated by R.D. Banerji (1922); famous for the Great Bath, Priest-King statue, bronze Dancing Girl, and Pashupati seal

Kalibangan: Located on the Ghaggar River (Rajasthan); excavated by B.B. Lal and B.K. Thapar; revealed pre-Harappan ploughed fields, fire altars, and camel bones

Banawali: Located in Fatehabad (Haryana); excavated by R.S. Bisht (1974); featured radial town planning but lacked a systematic drainage system

Rakhigarhi: Located in the Ghaggar-Hakra basin (Haryana); currently the largest known IVC site (>350 hectares)

Chanhudaro: Located in Sindh; excavated by N.G. Majumdar and Ernest Mackay; notable as the only Indus city without a citadel, serving as an industrial bead-making centre

Dholavira: Situated on Khadir Bet Island (Gujarat); excavated by R.S. Bisht; uniquely divided into three sections (citadel, middle town, lower town) with advanced water-harvesting reservoirs and a sign-board

Surkotada: Located in Kutch (Gujarat); excavated by J.P. Joshi; provided rare actual skeletal remains of horses

Lothal: Located on the Sabarmati and Bhogava rivers (Gujarat); excavated by S.R. Rao; known for the world's earliest artificial brick dockyard and Persian Gulf seals