Anmol vachan Short Notes THAT SAVE YOUR TIME!
UPSC Mains shorts notes
✅ Modern history - 99(199) 46 pages CLICK HERE
✅Ethics - 99rs199 -41 pages CLICK HERE
✅Society 99rs199 - 40 pages CLICK HERE
Society hindi medium CLICK HERE
✅World history -99rs199- 29 pagesCLICK HERE
All 4 in just 350rs
3 - 270rs
2 - 190rs
Contact @Mains_Short_notes_bot
UPSC prelims
✅Polity - 60 pages 99(199) CLICK HERE
✅ Ancient history - 31 pages 79rs (150rs)
CLICK HERE
✅ Medieval history 24 pages 79 (150rs)
CLICK HERE
Purchase -https://t.me/Prelims_Notes_bot
All 7 subject 550rs
UPSC Mains shorts notes
✅ Modern history - 99
✅Ethics - 99rs
✅Society 99rs
Society hindi medium CLICK HERE
✅World history -99rs
All 4 in just 350rs
3 - 270rs
2 - 190rs
Contact @Mains_Short_notes_bot
UPSC prelims
✅Polity - 60 pages 99
✅ Ancient history - 31 pages 79rs (
CLICK HERE
✅ Medieval history 24 pages 79 (
CLICK HERE
Purchase -https://t.me/Prelims_Notes_bot
All 7 subject 550rs
🔆 LUCKNOW: CULTURAL CAPITAL OF AWADH
📍 Rise of Lucknow
🟢 Asaf-ud-Daula shifted the capital of Awadh from Faizabad to Lucknow.
🟢 Lucknow subsequently emerged as an important centre of art, architecture, literature, education, music and culture.
📍 Architecture – Bara Imambara
🟢 Built by Asaf-ud-Daula in 1784 for Muharram commemorations.
🟢 Construction began in 1780 as a famine-relief project, providing wages to workers.
🟢 Architect: Kifayatullah, selected through a competition.
🟢 The complex includes the famous Bhool Bhulaiya, a maze with similar-looking doors.
🟢 Imambara = congregation hall, particularly associated with Muharram mourning ceremonies.
📍 European Influence & Cosmopolitanism
🟢 Asaf-ud-Daula employed several Europeans, encouraging European influence in Lucknow’s art and architecture.
🟢 Antoine Polier: Swiss architect who lived in Lucknow for around 15 years; built Polierganj and collected manuscripts and paintings.
🟢 Claude Martin: French officer and prominent collector of art objects and miniature paintings.
🟢 Associated with founding La Martinière schools in Lucknow, Calcutta and Lyon.
📍 Urdu Literature
🟢 Lucknow emerged as a major centre of Urdu poetry, particularly as Mughal patronage declined in Delhi.
🟢 A distinct Lucknow style of Urdu poetry developed, enriched by migrant poets.
🟢 Mushairas became an important feature of Lucknow’s literary culture.
📍 Famous Poets
🟢 Sauda: Court poet of Shuja-ud-Daula at Faizabad; known for Qasida and Hajo; title — Malik-us-Shaura.
🟢 Mir Taqi Mir: Migrated from Delhi to Lucknow during Asaf-ud-Daula’s reign; popularly known as Khuda-e-Sukhan.
🟢 Mir Ghulam Hasan: Prominent Urdu poet associated with the Lucknow literary tradition.
📍 Painting
🟢 European painters such as Johan Zoffany and Ozias Humphry spent years in Lucknow and produced paintings commissioned by the Nawabs.
📍 Education & Theology
🟢 Firangi Mahal: Mulla Nizamuddin established a madrasa that became a renowned centre of learning.
🟢 Subjects included religion, grammar, literature, logic, philosophy and metaphysics; it taught Sunni theology.
🟢 Madarsa-i-Sultania: Established by Amjad Ali as a centre for Shia theology; students received monetary scholarships.
🟢 Lucknow became an important centre of Shia religious philosophy.
📍 Music
🟢 Wajid Ali Shah was himself trained in music and played an important role in promoting North Indian classical music and Thumri.
🟢 He encouraged relatively easier raginis and composed several musical works, including the Thumri “Kadar Piya.”
📍 Calligraphy
🟢 Nastaliq was the prominent calligraphic style in Awadh.
🟢 Affluent households decorated their homes with beautifully written quotations.
🟢 Calligraphers who had migrated from Persia/Lahore traditions contributed to the development of Lucknow’s calligraphic culture.
🔆 UPSC QUICK RECALL
🟢 Asaf-ud-Daula → Capital shifted to Lucknow
🟢 Bara Imambara → Kifayatullah → 1784
🟢 Firangi Mahal → Mulla Nizamuddin → Sunni learning
🟢 Madarsa-i-Sultania → Shia theology
🟢 Lucknow → Urdu poetry & Mushairas
🟢 Wajid Ali Shah → Thumri & music
🟢 Nastaliq → Calligraphy in Awadh
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍 Rise of Lucknow
🟢 Asaf-ud-Daula shifted the capital of Awadh from Faizabad to Lucknow.
🟢 Lucknow subsequently emerged as an important centre of art, architecture, literature, education, music and culture.
📍 Architecture – Bara Imambara
🟢 Built by Asaf-ud-Daula in 1784 for Muharram commemorations.
🟢 Construction began in 1780 as a famine-relief project, providing wages to workers.
🟢 Architect: Kifayatullah, selected through a competition.
🟢 The complex includes the famous Bhool Bhulaiya, a maze with similar-looking doors.
🟢 Imambara = congregation hall, particularly associated with Muharram mourning ceremonies.
📍 European Influence & Cosmopolitanism
🟢 Asaf-ud-Daula employed several Europeans, encouraging European influence in Lucknow’s art and architecture.
🟢 Antoine Polier: Swiss architect who lived in Lucknow for around 15 years; built Polierganj and collected manuscripts and paintings.
🟢 Claude Martin: French officer and prominent collector of art objects and miniature paintings.
🟢 Associated with founding La Martinière schools in Lucknow, Calcutta and Lyon.
📍 Urdu Literature
🟢 Lucknow emerged as a major centre of Urdu poetry, particularly as Mughal patronage declined in Delhi.
🟢 A distinct Lucknow style of Urdu poetry developed, enriched by migrant poets.
🟢 Mushairas became an important feature of Lucknow’s literary culture.
📍 Famous Poets
🟢 Sauda: Court poet of Shuja-ud-Daula at Faizabad; known for Qasida and Hajo; title — Malik-us-Shaura.
🟢 Mir Taqi Mir: Migrated from Delhi to Lucknow during Asaf-ud-Daula’s reign; popularly known as Khuda-e-Sukhan.
🟢 Mir Ghulam Hasan: Prominent Urdu poet associated with the Lucknow literary tradition.
📍 Painting
🟢 European painters such as Johan Zoffany and Ozias Humphry spent years in Lucknow and produced paintings commissioned by the Nawabs.
📍 Education & Theology
🟢 Firangi Mahal: Mulla Nizamuddin established a madrasa that became a renowned centre of learning.
🟢 Subjects included religion, grammar, literature, logic, philosophy and metaphysics; it taught Sunni theology.
🟢 Madarsa-i-Sultania: Established by Amjad Ali as a centre for Shia theology; students received monetary scholarships.
🟢 Lucknow became an important centre of Shia religious philosophy.
📍 Music
🟢 Wajid Ali Shah was himself trained in music and played an important role in promoting North Indian classical music and Thumri.
🟢 He encouraged relatively easier raginis and composed several musical works, including the Thumri “Kadar Piya.”
📍 Calligraphy
🟢 Nastaliq was the prominent calligraphic style in Awadh.
🟢 Affluent households decorated their homes with beautifully written quotations.
🟢 Calligraphers who had migrated from Persia/Lahore traditions contributed to the development of Lucknow’s calligraphic culture.
🔆 UPSC QUICK RECALL
🟢 Asaf-ud-Daula → Capital shifted to Lucknow
🟢 Bara Imambara → Kifayatullah → 1784
🟢 Firangi Mahal → Mulla Nizamuddin → Sunni learning
🟢 Madarsa-i-Sultania → Shia theology
🟢 Lucknow → Urdu poetry & Mushairas
🟢 Wajid Ali Shah → Thumri & music
🟢 Nastaliq → Calligraphy in Awadh
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
❤5
#Goodmorning
⏳240 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳329 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳86 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳72 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳66 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳59 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳52 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳34 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
⏳30 days left 72nd BPSC Prelims 25 oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳240 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳329 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳86 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳72 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳66 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳59 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳52 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳34 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
⏳30 days left 72nd BPSC Prelims 25 oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤3
👏1
First Academy in India dedicated to “ONLY PRELIMS” exam.
For last 10 years, we are dealing “only” with UPSC “Prelims” exam.
100 percent you will crack Prelims 2027. Just solve these hidden sources.
Rank 1, IFos: Basavaraj, Rank 7, AR rajah: They have qualified Prelims using this platform.
📝Solve the above question:
https://www.goaltideias.com/startdailyquizs-detail/1685
Solve daily FREE questions:
https://www.goaltideias.com/dailyquiz
Telegram Channel Link: https://t.me/goalTide
For last 10 years, we are dealing “only” with UPSC “Prelims” exam.
100 percent you will crack Prelims 2027. Just solve these hidden sources.
Rank 1, IFos: Basavaraj, Rank 7, AR rajah: They have qualified Prelims using this platform.
📝Solve the above question:
https://www.goaltideias.com/startdailyquizs-detail/1685
Solve daily FREE questions:
https://www.goaltideias.com/dailyquiz
Telegram Channel Link: https://t.me/goalTide
❤2👏1
🔆 DROUGHT DECLARATION IN INDIA | MAHARASHTRA
📍 In News
🟢 Calls for declaring drought in Maharashtra are rising as rainfall deficit and water scarcity affect agriculture and crop prospects.
📍 Governing Framework
🟢 Disaster Management Act, 2005 → Legal framework for disaster management.
🟢 Manual for Drought Management, 2009 → Provides indicators and procedures for drought monitoring, declaration and proposals for Central assistance.
🟢 Guidelines for Management of Drought, 2010 → Guidance for drought management and early identification using different indicators.
🟢 The Manual and Guidelines are non-binding.
📍 Types of Drought
1️⃣ Meteorological Drought
🟢 Occurs when precipitation remains below normal for an extended period.
🟢 In India: seasonal rainfall <75% of long-term average.
🟢 26–50% deficit → Moderate drought.
🟢 >50% deficit → Severe drought.
2️⃣ Agricultural Drought
🟢 Occurs when rainfall and soil moisture are inadequate during the crop-growing season.
🟢 Leads to crop stress and wilting.
🟢 Linked to 4 consecutive weeks of severe meteorological drought during Kharif, or 6 weeks during the rest of the year.
3️⃣ Hydrological Drought
🟢 Deficiency in surface and groundwater supplies.
🟢 Can occur even with average or above-average rainfall when increased water use reduces available reserves.
📍 Who Declares Drought?
🟢 India has no single legally accepted definition of drought.
🟢 The State Government is the final authority to declare drought in the State or affected areas.
🟢 A drought need not cover an entire State or district.
📍 Drought Declaration Criteria
The 2009 Manual identifies four standard monitoring tools:
🟢 Rainfall deficiency
🟢 Area under sowing
🟢 NDVI – Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
🟢 MAI – Moisture Adequacy Index
🟢 These indicators can be used in combination, with at least 3 adverse indicators/index values supporting drought declaration.
🟢 State assessment should conform to parameters specified under NDRF norms.
📍 After Drought Declaration
🟢 Relief measures begin after notification for affected areas.
🟢 Initial relief is provided through the Calamity Relief Fund (CRF)/State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF).
🟢 If State resources are inadequate, the State can seek assistance from the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF).
🟢 A Central team assesses the affected areas before Central assistance is released.
📍 Supreme Court – 2016
🟢 On 11 May 2016, the Supreme Court held that drought falls within the definition of “disaster” under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
🟢 Drought can be declared in a specific affected area such as a village, taluka, tehsil or block, rather than necessarily covering an entire State or district.
📍 UPSC Mains Question
🟢 India’s drought management framework seeks to move from rainfall-based assessment towards a multi-indicator approach. Discuss the criteria for drought declaration and the institutional mechanism for providing relief.
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
📍 In News
🟢 Calls for declaring drought in Maharashtra are rising as rainfall deficit and water scarcity affect agriculture and crop prospects.
📍 Governing Framework
🟢 Disaster Management Act, 2005 → Legal framework for disaster management.
🟢 Manual for Drought Management, 2009 → Provides indicators and procedures for drought monitoring, declaration and proposals for Central assistance.
🟢 Guidelines for Management of Drought, 2010 → Guidance for drought management and early identification using different indicators.
🟢 The Manual and Guidelines are non-binding.
📍 Types of Drought
1️⃣ Meteorological Drought
🟢 Occurs when precipitation remains below normal for an extended period.
🟢 In India: seasonal rainfall <75% of long-term average.
🟢 26–50% deficit → Moderate drought.
🟢 >50% deficit → Severe drought.
2️⃣ Agricultural Drought
🟢 Occurs when rainfall and soil moisture are inadequate during the crop-growing season.
🟢 Leads to crop stress and wilting.
🟢 Linked to 4 consecutive weeks of severe meteorological drought during Kharif, or 6 weeks during the rest of the year.
3️⃣ Hydrological Drought
🟢 Deficiency in surface and groundwater supplies.
🟢 Can occur even with average or above-average rainfall when increased water use reduces available reserves.
📍 Who Declares Drought?
🟢 India has no single legally accepted definition of drought.
🟢 The State Government is the final authority to declare drought in the State or affected areas.
🟢 A drought need not cover an entire State or district.
📍 Drought Declaration Criteria
The 2009 Manual identifies four standard monitoring tools:
🟢 Rainfall deficiency
🟢 Area under sowing
🟢 NDVI – Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
🟢 MAI – Moisture Adequacy Index
🟢 These indicators can be used in combination, with at least 3 adverse indicators/index values supporting drought declaration.
🟢 State assessment should conform to parameters specified under NDRF norms.
📍 After Drought Declaration
🟢 Relief measures begin after notification for affected areas.
🟢 Initial relief is provided through the Calamity Relief Fund (CRF)/State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF).
🟢 If State resources are inadequate, the State can seek assistance from the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF).
🟢 A Central team assesses the affected areas before Central assistance is released.
📍 Supreme Court – 2016
🟢 On 11 May 2016, the Supreme Court held that drought falls within the definition of “disaster” under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
🟢 Drought can be declared in a specific affected area such as a village, taluka, tehsil or block, rather than necessarily covering an entire State or district.
📍 UPSC Mains Question
🟢 India’s drought management framework seeks to move from rainfall-based assessment towards a multi-indicator approach. Discuss the criteria for drought declaration and the institutional mechanism for providing relief.
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
👏2❤1
🔥 UPPCS Prelims Accelerator Program Anmol Vachan Presents
⚡ Fast-Track Your Prelims Preparation with Daily Targeted Practice!
🎯 WHAT YOU GET:
✅ 40 High-Yield MCQs Daily bot quiz at 8:15 PM ( Sunday off)
✅Build speed, accuracy & question-solving consistency.
✅ 2500+ MCQs
PYQs + Various State PSC Questions + Current Affairs + Static Concepts + UP GK
✅ 60-Day Strong Revision Plan
A structured plan for consistent Prelims preparation.
✅ Detailed Explanations
Understand the concept behind every question.
✅ Daily Doubt Discussion
Clear your doubts and strengthen your weak areas.
✅ Daily Quiz Summary
Quick revision of your performance, mistakes & important concepts.
💥 WHY JOIN?
“Don’t wait until the last month to start solving MCQs.”
Build your Prelims accuracy, speed & revision habit from Day 1.
💰 PRE-ENROLMENT OFFER
Regular Fee: ₹599
🔥 PRE-ENROLMENT PRICE: ₹299 ONLY
🎉 50% OFF
⚠️ FIRST 100 ENROLMENTS ONLY
👉 Secure Your Spot Before the Price Jumps to ₹599
✅Enroll https://t.me/studytoday_bot
✅Daily Quiz summary with themes wise arranged CLICK HERE
✅Demo questions
https://t.me/uppsc_prelims_mcq/29284
📚 Practice Daily. Revise Regularly. Be Prelims Ready.
🎯 Guidance • Strategy • Selection
⚡ Fast-Track Your Prelims Preparation with Daily Targeted Practice!
🎯 WHAT YOU GET:
✅ 40 High-Yield MCQs Daily bot quiz at 8:15 PM ( Sunday off)
✅Build speed, accuracy & question-solving consistency.
✅ 2500+ MCQs
PYQs + Various State PSC Questions + Current Affairs + Static Concepts + UP GK
✅ 60-Day Strong Revision Plan
A structured plan for consistent Prelims preparation.
✅ Detailed Explanations
Understand the concept behind every question.
✅ Daily Doubt Discussion
Clear your doubts and strengthen your weak areas.
✅ Daily Quiz Summary
Quick revision of your performance, mistakes & important concepts.
💥 WHY JOIN?
“Don’t wait until the last month to start solving MCQs.”
Build your Prelims accuracy, speed & revision habit from Day 1.
💰 PRE-ENROLMENT OFFER
Regular Fee: ₹599
🔥 PRE-ENROLMENT PRICE: ₹299 ONLY
🎉 50% OFF
⚠️ FIRST 100 ENROLMENTS ONLY
👉 Secure Your Spot Before the Price Jumps to ₹599
✅Enroll https://t.me/studytoday_bot
✅Daily Quiz summary with themes wise arranged CLICK HERE
✅Demo questions
https://t.me/uppsc_prelims_mcq/29284
📚 Practice Daily. Revise Regularly. Be Prelims Ready.
🎯 Guidance • Strategy • Selection
❤3👏3
🔆 16 MAHAJANAPADAS | ANCIENT INDIA
📍 Anga
🟢 Capital: Champa
🟢 Located in present-day Bihar.
🟢 In the 6th century BCE, Anga was annexed by Magadha under Bimbisara.
📍 Magadha
🟢 Capital: Girivraj/Rajgir
🟢 Haryanka Dynasty was the first important and powerful dynasty.
🟢 Bimbisara was a contemporary and follower of the Buddha.
📍 Kashi
🟢 Capital: Varanasi
🟢 Covered areas around Varanasi.
🟢 Had rivalry with neighbouring Kosala.
🟢 King Prasenjit of Kosala eventually annexed Kashi.
📍 Vatsa
🟢 Capital: Kaushambi
🟢 Located around present-day Prayagraj (Allahabad).
🟢 Important ruler: Udayana.
🟢 Svapnavasavadatta, by Bhasa, deals with Udayana and Vasavadatta.
🟢 Buddha visited Kaushambi during Udayana’s reign.
📍 Vajji
🟢 Capitals/Centres: Videha, Mithila and Vaishali.
🟢 A republican confederacy of 8 clans.
🟢 Important clans: Lichchavis – Vaishali | Videhans – Mithila | Jnatrikas – Mahavira.
📍 Kosala
🟢 Capital: Shravasti
🟢 Important ruler: Prasenjit.
🟢 He was a contemporary and friend of Buddha.
📍 Avanti
🟢 Capitals: Mahismati and Ujjain
🟢 Important ruler: Pradyota.
📍 Malla
🟢 Centres: Kushinara and Pawa
🟢 Buddha died at Kushinagara.
🟢 Magadha subsequently annexed Malla.
📍 Panchala
🟢 Capital: Kampilya
🟢 Located in Rohilkhand and the Central Doab of present-day Uttar Pradesh.
🟢 Northern Panchala → Ahichchhatra
🟢 Southern Panchala → Kampilya
📍 Chedi
🟢 Capital: Suktimati
🟢 Located in the eastern parts of Bundelkhand.
🟢 A branch of the Chedis established a royal dynasty in Kalinga.
📍 Kuru
🟢 Capital: Indraprastha
🟢 Associated with the Puru-Bharata lineage.
🟢 Its territory broadly corresponded to parts of Haryana, Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh.
📍 Matsya
🟢 Capital: Viratnagar
🟢 Located in the Jaipur region of Rajasthan.
🟢 Sujata is mentioned as ruling both the Chedis and Matsyas.
📍 Kamboja
🟢 Capital: Rajapura
🟢 Arthashastra and Ashoka’s Rock Edict XIII are cited as evidence for its republican form of government.
📍 Surasena
🟢 Capital: Mathura
🟢 Had a republican form of government.
🟢 Avantiputra, king of Surasena, was among the prominent disciples associated with Buddha.
📍 Asmaka
🟢 Capital: Potana/Potali
🟢 Located along the Godavari.
🟢 Considered the southernmost Mahajanapada in the list.
📍 Gandhara
🟢 Capital: Taxila
🟢 Famous as a major centre of education and learning in ancient India.
🟢 Gandhari was a princess of Gandhara.
🟢 Panini, Jivaka and Kautilya are traditionally associated with Taxila’s intellectual tradition.
🔆 UPSC QUICK RECALL
🟢 Anga → Champa → Bimbisara annexed it
🟢 Magadha → Rajgir → Haryanka
🟢 Kashi → Varanasi → annexed by Kosala
🟢 Vatsa → Kaushambi → Udayana
🟢 Vajji → Vaishali → Republican confederacy
🟢 Kosala → Shravasti → Prasenjit
🟢 Avanti → Ujjain/Mahismati → Pradyota
🟢 Malla → Kushinara/Pawa → Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana
🟢 Panchala → Ahichchhatra/Kampilya
🟢 Chedi → Suktimati → Bundelkhand
🟢 Kuru → Indraprastha
🟢 Matsya → Viratnagar → Rajasthan
🟢 Kamboja → Rajapura → Republican tradition
🟢 Surasena → Mathura → Avantiputra
🟢 Asmaka → Potana/Potali → Godavari
🟢 Gandhara → Taxila → Learning centre
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍 Anga
🟢 Capital: Champa
🟢 Located in present-day Bihar.
🟢 In the 6th century BCE, Anga was annexed by Magadha under Bimbisara.
📍 Magadha
🟢 Capital: Girivraj/Rajgir
🟢 Haryanka Dynasty was the first important and powerful dynasty.
🟢 Bimbisara was a contemporary and follower of the Buddha.
📍 Kashi
🟢 Capital: Varanasi
🟢 Covered areas around Varanasi.
🟢 Had rivalry with neighbouring Kosala.
🟢 King Prasenjit of Kosala eventually annexed Kashi.
📍 Vatsa
🟢 Capital: Kaushambi
🟢 Located around present-day Prayagraj (Allahabad).
🟢 Important ruler: Udayana.
🟢 Svapnavasavadatta, by Bhasa, deals with Udayana and Vasavadatta.
🟢 Buddha visited Kaushambi during Udayana’s reign.
📍 Vajji
🟢 Capitals/Centres: Videha, Mithila and Vaishali.
🟢 A republican confederacy of 8 clans.
🟢 Important clans: Lichchavis – Vaishali | Videhans – Mithila | Jnatrikas – Mahavira.
📍 Kosala
🟢 Capital: Shravasti
🟢 Important ruler: Prasenjit.
🟢 He was a contemporary and friend of Buddha.
📍 Avanti
🟢 Capitals: Mahismati and Ujjain
🟢 Important ruler: Pradyota.
📍 Malla
🟢 Centres: Kushinara and Pawa
🟢 Buddha died at Kushinagara.
🟢 Magadha subsequently annexed Malla.
📍 Panchala
🟢 Capital: Kampilya
🟢 Located in Rohilkhand and the Central Doab of present-day Uttar Pradesh.
🟢 Northern Panchala → Ahichchhatra
🟢 Southern Panchala → Kampilya
📍 Chedi
🟢 Capital: Suktimati
🟢 Located in the eastern parts of Bundelkhand.
🟢 A branch of the Chedis established a royal dynasty in Kalinga.
📍 Kuru
🟢 Capital: Indraprastha
🟢 Associated with the Puru-Bharata lineage.
🟢 Its territory broadly corresponded to parts of Haryana, Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh.
📍 Matsya
🟢 Capital: Viratnagar
🟢 Located in the Jaipur region of Rajasthan.
🟢 Sujata is mentioned as ruling both the Chedis and Matsyas.
📍 Kamboja
🟢 Capital: Rajapura
🟢 Arthashastra and Ashoka’s Rock Edict XIII are cited as evidence for its republican form of government.
📍 Surasena
🟢 Capital: Mathura
🟢 Had a republican form of government.
🟢 Avantiputra, king of Surasena, was among the prominent disciples associated with Buddha.
📍 Asmaka
🟢 Capital: Potana/Potali
🟢 Located along the Godavari.
🟢 Considered the southernmost Mahajanapada in the list.
📍 Gandhara
🟢 Capital: Taxila
🟢 Famous as a major centre of education and learning in ancient India.
🟢 Gandhari was a princess of Gandhara.
🟢 Panini, Jivaka and Kautilya are traditionally associated with Taxila’s intellectual tradition.
🔆 UPSC QUICK RECALL
🟢 Anga → Champa → Bimbisara annexed it
🟢 Magadha → Rajgir → Haryanka
🟢 Kashi → Varanasi → annexed by Kosala
🟢 Vatsa → Kaushambi → Udayana
🟢 Vajji → Vaishali → Republican confederacy
🟢 Kosala → Shravasti → Prasenjit
🟢 Avanti → Ujjain/Mahismati → Pradyota
🟢 Malla → Kushinara/Pawa → Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana
🟢 Panchala → Ahichchhatra/Kampilya
🟢 Chedi → Suktimati → Bundelkhand
🟢 Kuru → Indraprastha
🟢 Matsya → Viratnagar → Rajasthan
🟢 Kamboja → Rajapura → Republican tradition
🟢 Surasena → Mathura → Avantiputra
🟢 Asmaka → Potana/Potali → Godavari
🟢 Gandhara → Taxila → Learning centre
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
❤5
#Goodmorning
⏳239 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳328 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳85 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳71 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳65 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳58 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳51 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳33 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
⏳29 days left 72nd BPSC Prelims 25 oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳239 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳328 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳85 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳71 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳65 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳58 days left Ifos mains 22 November
⏳51 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳33 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
⏳29 days left 72nd BPSC Prelims 25 oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1