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🔆 IMPORTANT CASTE MOVEMENTS | MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

📍 1. Gopal Baba Walangkar
🟢 Retired Mahar army officer from Maharashtra.
🟢 Established Anarya Dosh Parihar Samaj at Dapoli, Ratnagiri.
🟢 Published Vital Vidvansak, a work of protest against Brahmanism.

📍 2. Iyothee Thass
🟢 Anti-caste activist from Tamil Nadu and practitioner of Siddha medicine.
🟢 Embraced Buddhism and encouraged oppressed castes to follow it.
🟢 Founded the Dalit Mahajan Sabha against caste discrimination.
🟢 Newspaper: Tamilan.

📍 3. Aravippuram Movement (1888)
🟢 Originated in Kerala under Sri Narayana Guru.
🟢 Challenged caste restrictions through the consecration of a Shiva idol by a member of a lower caste.
🟢 Encouraged the Ezhavas to abandon toddy-tapping and abstain from liquor.
🟢 Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP Yogam) was established in 1902–03.

📍 4. Justice Party Movement (1916)
🟢 Founded in the Madras Presidency as the South Indian Liberal Federation.
🟢 Opposed Brahmin dominance in government services, education and politics.
🟢 Sought non-Brahmin advancement through constitutional methods.
🟢 Contributed to the development of the Dravidian movement.
🟢 A 1930 Government Order provided for reservations for certain groups.
🟢 In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice Party into Dravidar Kazhagam, withdrawing it from electoral politics.
🟢 Leaders: Dr. T.M. Nair, P. Tyagaraya Chetty and C.N. Mudaliar.

📍 5. Nair Movement (1891 onwards)
🟢 Emerged in Kerala against the social and political dominance of Nambudiri and non-Malayali Brahmins.
🟢 Malayali Memorial was formed in 1891 by the initiative of Raman Pillai.
🟢 The Nair Service Society (NSS) was established in 1914 under Mannathu Padmanabhan.
🟢 Associated figures: C.V. Raman Pillai, K. Ramakrishna Pillai and Mannathu Padmanabhan.

📍 6. Self-Respect Movement (1925)
🟢 Launched in Tamil Nadu by E.V. Ramasamy Naicker (Periyar).
🟢 Challenged Brahminical dominance and promoted equality for backward classes and women.
🟢 Encouraged rationalism, social reform and the revitalisation of Dravidian languages.
🟢 Kudi Arasu was an important journal associated with Periyar.
🟢 Helped popularise Tamil nationalism and self-respect marriages.

📍 7. Nadar Movement
🟢 Originated in Tamil Nadu among the community formerly known as Shanans.
🟢 Nadars increasingly entered trade and commerce and adopted the title Nadar to assert higher social status.
🟢 Established the Nadar Mahajana Sangam in 1910.
🟢 Used Sanskritisation and organised educational and social welfare activities.

📍 8. Depressed Classes (Mahars) Movement (1924 onwards)
🟢 Led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra.
🟢 Demanded access to public places, temple entry, abolition of the Mahar Watan system and political representation.
🟢 Important organisations and publications:

• Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (1924) — established to promote the welfare of the Depressed Classes.
• Bahishkrit Bharat (1927) — Marathi fortnightly.
• Samaj Samata Sangh (1927).
• All-India Scheduled Castes Federation (1942).

📍 9. Congress-led Anti-Untouchability Movement (1917 onwards)
🟢 In 1917, the Indian National Congress adopted a resolution against untouchability.
🟢 In 1929, the Congress Working Committee appointed an Anti-Untouchability Sub-Committee, with Madan Mohan Malaviya as president and Jamnalal Bajaj as secretary.
🟢 All-India Anti-Untouchability League was established by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932.
🟢 Gandhi launched the weekly Harijan in 1933.
🟢 All-India Depressed Classes League was established under the leadership of Babu Jagjivan Ram.

🔆 UPSC MAINS QUESTION

Discuss the role of caste-based social movements in challenging social hierarchies and advancing equality in modern India.

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🔆 ONE-LINERS | 24 OCTOBER 2026

🔆 GEOGRAPHY

📍 Earthquake in China
🟢 A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Baqên County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, on 22 October 2026.
🟢 Epicentre: Baqên County, Nagqu City, at an altitude of approximately 4,864 metres.
🟢 The shallow earthquake occurred at a depth of less than 10 km.
🟢 At least 16 people were reported dead, with dozens injured and over 12,000 residents evacuated.
🟢 Authorities activated a Level-II earthquake emergency response to conduct rescue and relief operations.

🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & ISSUES

📍 United Nations Day 2026
🟢 Observed on 24 October, marking the 81st anniversary of the UN Charter’s entry into force in 1945.
🟢 UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for dialogue, cooperation and solidarity to address global challenges.
🟢 In India, the UN hosted a special reception in New Delhi attended by Kirti Vardhan Singh, Minister of State for External Affairs and Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
🟢 External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar reaffirmed India’s commitment to the UN Charter.

📍 Social Media Ban in Greece
🟢 Greece approved legislation on 23 October 2026 restricting social media access for children under 15 years.
🟢 The ban is scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2027.
🟢 Platforms mentioned include Instagram, Facebook, TikTok and LinkedIn.
🟢 Digital age-verification mechanisms will be used to confirm eligibility while protecting users’ identities.
🟢 The legislation restricts social media access, not general internet use or educational digital services.

📍 Alberta’s Referendum, Canada
🟢 A non-binding referendum examined support for remaining in Canada versus initiating a legal process towards an independence referendum.
🟢 Nearly 75% of counted votes favoured remaining within Canada.
🟢 Approximately 1.54 million of 2.06 million counted votes supported Canadian unity.
🟢 Separatist sentiment is linked to Alberta’s oil wealth, federal environmental regulations and perceived fiscal imbalance.
🟢 Alberta produces over 80% of Canada’s crude oil, making it strategically important to national energy security.

🔆 ECONOMY & BLUE ECONOMY

📍 India’s First Full-Fledged Open-Sea Mussel Longline Farm
🟢 Launched on 21 October 2026 by the ICAR–Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) at Vizhinjam, Kerala.
🟢 Part of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)-funded Blue Growth Project.
🟢 Sanctioned funding: ₹152 lakh.
🟢 The unit uses specially designed HDPE floats, parallel mainlines, suspended mussel-culture ropes and an anchoring system.
🟢 A multi-species shellfish hatchery supplies seeds of green mussel (Perna viridis) and brown mussel (Perna indica).
🟢 Aims to promote sustainable aquaculture and reduce dependence on seasonal wild seed collection.

🔆 ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE CHANGE

📍 International Day of the Snow Leopard 2026
🟢 Observed annually on 23 October to promote conservation of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia).
🟢 The date is associated with the 2013 Bishkek Declaration; the UN General Assembly proclaimed the observance.
🟢 Known as the “Ghost of the Mountains”, the species inhabits high-altitude mountain ecosystems across Central and South Asia.
🟢 India’s estimated population: 718 snow leopards.
🟢 Indian habitats include Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
🟢 Major threats include habitat loss, climate change, prey depletion, poaching, illegal trafficking and retaliatory killings.
🟢 Conservation efforts emphasise community participation, livestock protection and coexistence with local herders.

📍 UN Loss and Damage Fund: Assistance for Nepal
🟢 On 22 October 2026, the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage provisionally earmarked approximately US$20 million for Nepal’s recovery from the August 2026 disasters.
🟢 The fund was established following COP27 in 2022.
🟢 The August disaster involved flash floods, mudslides and ice-rock avalanches associated with glacier-related hazards.
🟢 Nepal estimated total economic and reconstruction losses at approximately US$4.7–5 billion.
🟢 The allocation is provisional; Nepal must submit a detailed project proposal before disbursement.
🟢 The fund had received approximately US$820 million in pledges, while developing countries’ requests for support exceeded US$2.8 billion.

🔆 SECURITY & MARITIME

📍 Indian Coast Guard’s Maiden Yacht Sailing Expedition
🟢 The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) launched its maiden yacht sailing expedition aboard Antara from Chennai.
🟢 Flagged off by Inspector General Yoginder Dhaka, Commander, Coast Guard Region East.
🟢 Organised as part of the ICG’s 50th-anniversary (Golden Jubilee) celebrations.
🟢 Planned route: Chennai to Kochi, followed by international passages to Sri Lanka and the Maldives.
🟢 Promotes seamanship, navigation, endurance, teamwork and maritime careers among young people.

🔆 SCIENCE & HEALTH

📍 Ebola Bundibugyo Strain Confirmed in Nigeria
🟢 Nigeria confirmed an imported case of Bundibugyo virus disease in Abuja on 20 October 2026.
🟢 The patient arrived from Uganda on 3 October and developed symptoms on 7 October.
🟢 Initial medical treatment was sought on 11 October; laboratory testing subsequently confirmed the virus.
🟢 The case is linked to the wider outbreak originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
🟢 The patient was placed in isolation and received medical care; authorities initiated contact tracing.

🔆 SPORTS

📍 Commonwealth Kabaddi Championship 2026
🟢 The inaugural championship is being held from 23–31 October 2026 at the Veer Savarkar Sports Complex, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
🟢 Men’s competition: 13 teams divided into two groups.
🟢 Group A: India, Nigeria, Malaysia, Uganda, England, Tanzania and Sri Lanka.
🟢 Group B: Bangladesh, Kenya, Canada, Australia, Scotland and Singapore.
🟢 India’s men’s team captain: Surjeet Singh; vice-captain: Naveen Kumar.
🟢 The inaugural women’s competition features 10 teams.
🟢 Semi-finals: 30 October; finals: 31 October 2026.

#CurrentAffairs

24 october UPSC current affairs

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Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) clears capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 2.12 lakh crore for defence forces

World Day for Audiovisual Heritage is observed every year on 27 October to raise awareness about the importance of preserving audiovisual materials, including films, radio and television recordings, for future generations.

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21st October pib summary
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