🔆 IMPORTANT MEDIEVAL BOOKS & THEIR AUTHORS
📚 UPSC History | Prelims Revision

🔆 DELHI SULTANATE & RELATED WORKS
🟢 Taj-ul-Maasir — Hasan Nizami
🟢 Tabaqat-i-Nasiri — Minhaj-us-Siraj
🟢 Tarikh-i-Firuzshahi — Ziauddin Barani
🟢 Fatwah-i-Jahandari — Ziauddin Barani
🟢 Futuh-us-Salatin — Isami
🟢 Tarikh-i-Firuzshahi — Afif
🟢 Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi — Yahya Sirhindi
🟢 Futuhat-i-Firuz Shahi — Firuz Shah Tughlaq
🟢 Rehla — Ibn Battuta
🟢 Tughluq Nama, Tarikh-i-Alai, Nuh Sipihr, Ashiqa — Amir Khusro
🟢 Tarikh-i-Shershahi — Abbas Sarwani

🔆 MUGHAL PERIOD
🟢 Akbarnama — Abul Fazl
🟢 Tabaqat-i-Akbari — Nizamuddin Ahmad
🟢 Muntakhab-al-Tawarikh — Abdul Qadir Badauni
🟢 Humayun Nama — Gulbadan Begum
🟢 Tuzuk-i-Baburi (Baburnama) — Babur
🟢 Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri — Jahangir
🟢 Badshahnama/Padshahnama — Abdul Hamid Lahori
🟢 Shahjahannama — Inayat Khan
🟢 Muntakhab-ul-Lubab — Khafi Khan

🔆 REGIONAL & OTHER HISTORICAL WORKS
🟢 Prithviraj Raso — Chand Bardai
🟢 Padmavat — Malik Muhammad Jayasi
🟢 Marwar ra Pargani ri Vigat — Munhta Nainsi
🟢 Amuktamalyada — Krishnadevaraya
🟢 Mirat-i-Ahmadi — Ali Muhammad Khan
🟢 Shahnameh — Firdausi

🔆 RELIGIOUS, DEVOTIONAL & PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS
🟢 Bhavartha Dipika — Gyaneshwara
🟢 Periya Puranam — Sekkizhar
🟢 Sur Sagar — Surdas
🟢 Chandayan — Maulana Daud
🟢 Dayabhaga — Jimutavahana

🔆 IMPORTANT MODERN HISTORICAL WORKS
🟢 History of Aurangzeb — Jadunath Sarkar
🟢 The Fall of the Mughal Empire — Jadunath Sarkar
🟢 Mahmud of Ghazni — Mohammad Habib

📍 PRELIMS QUICK REVISION
🟢 Baburnama — Written in Turkish.
🟢 Rehla — Travel account of Ibn Battuta.
🟢 Futuh-us-Salatin — Associated with the establishment of the Bahmani Kingdom.
🟢 Fatwah-i-Jahandari — Political thought of Ziauddin Barani.
🟢 Periya Puranam — 12th book of the Tamil Tirumurai tradition.

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 ONE-LINERS | 02 NOVEMBER 2026
📚 UPSC Current Affairs | AnmolVachan1

🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

📍 State Foundation Day – 1 November
🟢 1 November marks the Foundation Day of several Indian states and Union Territories, largely linked to the linguistic reorganisation of states in 1956 and subsequent boundary changes.

🟢 Eight States:
🟢 Andhra Pradesh (1956): Formed by merging Andhra State with Telugu-speaking areas of the former Hyderabad State.
🟢 Karnataka (1956): Originally formed as Mysore State; renamed Karnataka in 1973. Celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava.
🟢 Kerala (1956): Formed by combining Travancore-Cochin, Malabar and Kasaragod. Celebrated as Kerala Piravi.
🟢 Madhya Pradesh (1956): Reorganised by merging regions including Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal.
🟢 Tamil Nadu (1956): Initially formed as Madras State during linguistic reorganisation.
🟢 Punjab (1966): Acquired its present linguistic boundaries following the reorganisation of erstwhile East Punjab.
🟢 Haryana (1966): Carved out of Punjab under the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966.
🟢 Chhattisgarh (2000): Carved out of Madhya Pradesh under the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000.

🟢 Five Union Territories: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi, Lakshadweep and Puducherry also mark milestones or Union Territory status associated with this date.

🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

📍 Alliance for the Future – EU and Canada
🟢 A strategic partnership launched on 30 October 2026 by Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney, European Council President António Costa and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen.
🟢 Announced during the 21st EU–Canada Summit in Montréal, Québec.
🟢 Objective: Establish a common prosperity and economic security space between Canada and the 27-member European Union, with an open framework for like-minded countries.
🟢 Critical minerals: Cooperation on lithium, cobalt, nickel and graphite supply chains, including financing arrangements with the European Investment Bank.
🟢 Technology: Collaboration in AI, semiconductors, quantum technologies, digital trade and sovereign cloud infrastructure.
🟢 Defence: Builds on Canada’s participation in the EU’s SAFE (Security Action for Europe) defence procurement programme.
🟢 Energy and climate: Exploration of LNG export feasibility, joint wildfire management and aerial firefighting aircraft procurement.
🟢 People-to-people ties: Youth mobility and groundwork for Canada’s participation in the EU’s Erasmus+ programme.
🟢 The proposal for Canada to become the EU’s first associate member was debated; leaders agreed to work towards a closer association.
🟢 Both sides will define the framework’s scope and structure before the next summit scheduled for 2027.

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 Guwahati Airport Approved for Agarwood Exports
🟢 The Central Government approved Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport, Guwahati, as a designated export point for agarwood chips, agarwood oil and related products.
🟢 DGFT Notification No. 46/2026, dated 30 October 2026, amended Chapter 12 of Schedule II of the ITC (HS) Export Policy, 2022.
🟢 Enables exporters from Assam and the Northeast to ship agarwood products directly to international markets without routing them through other domestic ports.
🟢 Assam accounts for approximately 81% of India’s agarwood resources, with an estimated 12 crore trees, supporting over 50,000 farmers and workers.
🟢 In May 2026, an initial legal consignment of agarwood chips was exported to Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
🟢 On 26 October 2026, Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma flagged off a 123 kg consignment of premium agarwood chips from Golaghat district to Dubai under the One District One Product (ODOP) initiative.
🟢 Exports remain subject to CITES permits, where applicable, and valid DGFT Importer Exporter Code (IEC) requirements.

🔆 ENVIRONMENT

📍 Dicharax tilariensis – Tilari Micro-Snail
🟢 A new microscopic land snail species discovered in the semi-evergreen forests of the Tilari region, Kolhapur district, Maharashtra.

🟢 Scientific name: Dicharax tilariensis.
🟢 Found near Swapnavel Point in Tilari Nagar at an elevation of approximately 700–800 metres.
🟢 Habitat: Forest litter, decaying organic matter and moist soil microhabitats.
🟢 It is the second endemic species of the genus Dicharax described from the northern Western Ghats.
🟢 Discovered by researchers Amrut Bhosale, Tejas Thackeray and Akshay Khandekar of the Thackeray Wildlife Foundation.
🟢 Published in the Journal of Conchology.
🟢 Size: Approximately 4.21–4.87 mm wide and 3.01–3.52 mm high.
🟢 Its shell is whitish with a pinkish or brownish tinge, featuring an elevated spire and distinctive rib patterns.

📍 Mollisia sokpayensia – New Fungus from Sikkim
🟢 A new fungal species discovered on the medicinal plant Panax sokpayensis in the Sikkim Himalayas, part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot.
🟢 Scientific name: Mollisia sokpayensia.
🟢 Isolated from the plant’s rhizome collected at Jorbotay, Uttarey, West Sikkim, at an altitude of 1,800–2,300 metres.
🟢 Documented in the scientific journal Fungal Diversity.
🟢 Fungal endophytes are microorganisms that inhabit the internal tissues of healthy plants without causing visible disease symptoms.
🟢 They form associations with host plants and are studied for their potential to produce bioactive compounds relevant to medicine, agriculture and biotechnology.
🟢 Plants belonging to the genus Panax are commonly known as ginseng and are recognised for their medicinal properties.

#CurrentAffairs

🔆 SPORTS

📍 India’s First Woman Senior World Wrestling Champion
🟢 Manisha Bhanwala, a wrestler from Jind, Haryana, created history at the 2026 World Wrestling Championships in Astana, Kazakhstan.
🟢 Defeated American wrestler Abigail Nette in the 59 kg freestyle final.
🟢 Became the first Indian woman to win gold at the Senior World Wrestling Championships.
🟢 She became only the second Indian wrestler to win a senior world title after Sushil Kumar (2010).

📍 Jumbo Custard Apple Enters International Market
🟢 Madhya Pradesh’s GI-tagged Jumbo Custard Apple (Sitaphal) from Seoni district entered the international market for the first time.
🟢 Destination: Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
🟢 First consignment dispatched from Khermatakol, Seoni, on 31 October 2026, via Nagpur and Sharjah.
🟢 Facilitated by Seoni District Administration, Madhya Pradesh State Rural Livelihood Mission (MPSRLM), APEDA and Cognify Impex Private Limited.
🟢 Initiative connects local farmers and women’s Self-Help Groups (SHGs) with international agricultural supply chains.

📍 Custard Apple: Handling Tips
🟢 Ripening: Keep firm fruits at room temperature until they yield slightly to gentle pressure.
🟢 Refrigeration: Slows down the ripening process.
🟢 Shelf life: Fresh custard apples generally remain suitable for consumption for only a few days after reaching peak softness.

🔆 SECURITY

📍 First BIMSTEC Maritime Security Exercise
🟢 India is hosting the inaugural BIMSTEC Maritime Security Exercise from 30 October to 3 November 2026 at Sri Vijaya Puram (Port Blair), Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
🟢 Host: India; facilitated by the Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC).
🟢 Participating countries: All seven BIMSTEC members – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
🟢 Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand deployed naval assets, while landlocked Bhutan and Nepal participated through delegations.
🟢 Structure: Five-day programme comprising three days of tabletop exercises followed by a two-day harbour phase.
🟢 Objectives: Enhance Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA), improve interoperability, combat cross-border maritime crime and marine pollution, and strengthen Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR).
🟢 Focuses on maritime security cooperation in the Bay of Bengal.
🟢 Theme: “BIMSTEC – Prosperous, Resilient and Open”.
🟢 Motto: “Shared Seas, Shared Security and Shared Prosperity”.

🔆 MISCELLANEOUS

📍 World Cities Day 2026
🟢 Observed on 31 October 2026, marking the conclusion of Urban October.
🟢 Theme: “Regenerating the City – Adequate Housing for All”.
🟢 Global host city: Fuzhou, China; events scheduled from 31 October to 2 November 2026.
🟢 Organised by UN-Habitat, China’s Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the Fujian Provincial People’s Government.
🟢 Focuses on addressing the global housing crisis through inclusive, climate-resilient and affordable urban regeneration.
🟢 Up to 3.4 billion people lack adequate housing, secure tenure or basic services, while over 1.1 billion live in informal settlements and slums.

📍 International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists
🟢 Observed annually on 2 November.
🟢 2026 Theme: “Threats Evolve. Impunity Endures.”
🟢 Focuses on emerging threats to journalists, including digital harassment, new technologies and risks in conflict zones.
🟢 Global commemoration includes a hybrid event at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, and the release of UNESCO’s biennial Director-General’s Report on the safety of journalists.
🟢 Approximately 9 out of 10 crimes against journalists remain unresolved and unpunished globally.
🟢 More than 1,700 journalists have been killed in the line of duty since 1993.
🟢 Proclaimed by the UN General Assembly through Resolution A/RES/68/163 in 2013.
🟢 2 November was chosen in memory of two French journalists assassinated in Mali.

#CurrentAffairs

Government Schemes August Anmol Vachan

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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗽𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝘀 | 𝟯 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿

Observed every year on 3 November, the International Day for Biosphere Reserves highlights the importance of conserving biodiversity and promoting sustainable development.

Biosphere reserves protect natural ecosystems while supporting the livelihoods of local communities and promoting a harmonious relationship between people and nature.

India has 18 notified Biosphere Reserves, of which 13 are recognised by UNESCO under the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

2nd November UPSC current affairs

#currentaffairs #prelims

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🔆 OPERATION TRIDENT: CRACKDOWN ON NARCO-FINANCIAL NETWORKS

🔆 Operation at a Glance
🟢 On 23 October 2026, the NCB led simultaneous searches at 38 locations across Assam, Mizoram and Manipur.
🟢 Agencies involved: ED and police forces of the three States.
🟢 Reported outcomes: 18 arrests, 1,424 bank accounts frozen and properties worth ₹17.82 crore attached.
🟢 Around ₹100 crore in hawala transactions traced; 500 detonators seized.

🔆 Why the North-East Matters
🟢 India shares an approximately 1,643-km border with Myanmar, a major trafficking route from the Golden Triangle.
🟢 Political instability in Myanmar has weakened border governance.
🟢 The region faces challenges from drug trafficking, hawala networks and the possible narco-terror nexus.

🔆 Network-Centric Enforcement
🟢 Seizure-centric approach: Focuses on intercepting drug consignments.
🟢 Network-centric approach: Targets kingpins, financiers, logistics and illicit money flows.
🟢 Financial investigations help disrupt networks by freezing accounts and attaching proceeds of crime.

🔆 Legal & Institutional Framework
🟢 NDPS Act, 1985: Main law against narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
🟢 PITNDPS Act, 1988: Provides for preventive detention of suspected traffickers.
🟢 PMLA, 2002: Enables action against proceeds of crime.
🟢 NCB, NCORD and MANAS helpline (1933) support enforcement and coordination.

🔆 Challenges & Way Forward
🟢 Strengthen financial intelligence-sharing and cross-border cooperation.
🟢 Expedite trials and improve coordination among central and State agencies.
🟢 Combine border security with rehabilitation, de-addiction and livelihood support.
🟢 Address concerns of border communities while enforcing security measures.

🔆 MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION
📍 Drug trafficking in India’s North-East is both a financial crime and a border-management challenge. Examine the merits and limitations of a network-centric approach to narcotics control. (15 marks)

#InternalSecurity #pib

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🔆 Important Mudras of Buddha

📍 1. Bhumisparsha Mudra
✅ Right hand touches the earth, left in lap.
✅ Symbol: “Calling the Earth to Witness” — moment of enlightenment.
✅ Associated with Akshobhya Buddha (Blue Buddha).

📍 2. Dhyana Mudra
✅ Both hands in lap, right over left, thumbs touching.
✅ Symbol: Meditation / Samadhi, spiritual perfection.
✅ Shown during Buddha’s final meditation under Bodhi tree.

📍 3. Vitarka Mudra
✅ Thumb & index finger form circle; teaching gesture.
✅ Symbol: Intellectual discussion / preaching.

📍 4. Abhaya Mudra
✅ Right hand raised, palm outward.
✅ Symbol: Fearlessness, strength, and protection.

📍 5. Dharmachakra Mudra
✅ Both hands near chest; thumbs & index fingers form circles.
✅ Symbol: Turning the Wheel of Dharma — Buddha’s first sermon at Sarnath.

📍 6. Anjali Mudra
✅ Palms joined at chest (Namaste).
✅ Symbol: Greeting, devotion, respect.

📍 7. Uttarabodhi Mudra
✅ Interlocked fingers, index fingers extended upward.
✅ Symbol: Supreme enlightenment, energy.

📍 8. Varada Mudra
✅ Palm facing outward, hand extended downward.
✅ Symbol: Charity & compassion (Five Perfections).

📍 9. Karana Mudra
✅ Index & little finger raised; middle fingers pressed by thumb.
✅ Symbol: Warding off evil / negative energy.

📍 10. Vajra Mudra
✅ Left forefinger enclosed in right fist.
✅ Symbol: Supreme knowledge & wisdom.

#prelims
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🔆 ONE-LINERS | 03 NOVEMBER 2026

🔆 GEOGRAPHY

📍 Cyclone Murasu – First Tamil Name for a Tropical Cyclone
🟢 Murasu became the first Tamil name assigned to a tropical cyclone since the North Indian Ocean naming system began in September 2004.
🟢 It is a severe cyclonic storm over the Bay of Bengal.
🟢 Suggested by: Regional Meteorological Centre (RMC), Chennai.
🟢 Meaning: Murasu is a traditional Tamil percussion instrument.
🟢 Historically, it was used to disseminate information, alert people about natural disasters and produce thunderous warning sounds.
🟢 Murasu is the third Indian-suggested name in the second list, after Gati and Tej.

🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & ISSUES

📍 Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2026
🟢 Inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
🟢 Venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
🟢 Theme: “Creative Minds, Catalyzing Science, Empowering Technologies”.
🟢 Participation of 300+ invited delegates from India and abroad.
🟢 Covers 12 thematic areas, including:
🟢 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Biotechnology.
🟢 Advanced Materials and Advanced Manufacturing.
🟢 Healthcare and Energy.
🟢 Climate Science and Ocean Sciences.

📍 UN Ends Political Mission in Somalia (2026)
🟢 The UN ended its political mission in Somalia on 31 October 2026, concluding over three decades of UN political operations following a two-year transition.
🟢 Evolution of the Mission:
🟢 1995: UN Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS) established.
🟢 2013: UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) established by the UN Security Council.
🟢 2024: Renamed UN Transitional Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNTMIS) for a two-year transition.
🟢 2026: UNTMIS closed; responsibilities transferred to Somali institutions and the UN Country Team.
🟢 Objectives: Support democracy, rule of law, political reconciliation, institution-building and peacebuilding.
🟢 Continuing challenges: Al-Shabaab, an Al-Qaeda-linked terrorist organisation, controls parts of central Somalia.
🟢 International funding cuts threaten counter-terrorism operations, while political disputes and insecurity pose challenges to elections scheduled for May 2027.

📍 UN Peacekeeping Mission in Western Sahara – MINURSO
🟢 UN Secretary-General António Guterres announced the closure of the 35-year-old MINURSO mission following the failure of the UN Security Council to renew its mandate.
🟢 Full Form: United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara.
🟢 Established: 1991 by the UN Security Council.
🟢 Objectives:
🟢 Monitor the ceasefire between Morocco and the Polisario Front.
🟢 Organise a referendum on self-determination in Western Sahara.
🟢 The referendum remained unheld due to disagreements over voter eligibility.
🟢 1 November 2026: Liquidation phase began, with mission assets to be returned to contributing countries.
🟢 A 2025 UN Security Council resolution recognised Morocco’s autonomy proposal under its sovereignty as the most feasible solution.
🟢 Morocco welcomed the decision, while the Polisario Front expressed concern.

🔆 ENVIRONMENT

📍 Mollisia sokpayensia – New Fungal Species
🟢 A team led by a Manipur microbiologist discovered a new fungal species named Mollisia sokpayensia.
🟢 Location: Sikkim Himalayas, part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot.
🟢 Associated with the rhizome of the medicinal plant Panax sokpayensis, a rare and high-value plant native to the Sikkim Himalayas.
🟢 The plant’s rhizomes are traditionally used for medicinal purposes; species of the genus Panax are commonly known as ginseng.

📍 Fungal Endophytes
🟢 Microorganisms that inhabit the internal tissues of healthy plants without causing visible disease symptoms.
🟢 They may form associations with their host plants and produce bioactive compounds with potential applications in:
🟢 Medicine and drug discovery.
🟢 Agriculture.
🟢 Biotechnology.

📍 Characteristics of Mollisia sokpayensia
🟢 Exhibited slow growth under laboratory conditions at 28°C.
🟢 Its colonies changed colour from brown to blackish-brown.

🟢 Important caveat: Its medicinal properties and potential applications have not yet been scientifically investigated.

🔆 SECURITY

📍 Russian Submarine Generalissimus Suvorov – Bulava ICBM Launch
🟢 Russia’s nuclear-powered submarine Generalissimus Suvorov launched a Bulava Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) during combat training.
🟢 Target: Chizha test range, Arkhangelsk region, Russia.
🟢 Fleet: Russian Pacific Fleet.
🟢 Significance: Demonstrates the readiness of Russia’s nuclear forces and its strategic deterrence capabilities.

📍 Generalissimus Suvorov Submarine
🟢 Project: Project 955A Borei-A.
🟢 Type: Nuclear-powered strategic missile submarine (SSBN).
🟢 Built at the Sevmash shipyard, based on a design developed by the Rubin Design Bureau.
🟢 Construction began on 26 December 2014.
🟢 Naval flag raised on 29 December 2022.
🟢 Belongs to the fourth generation of Russian nuclear-powered submarines.

📍 Bulava Missile (R-30)
🟢 A Russian three-stage, submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM).
🟢 Designed for Project 955 Borei-class nuclear-powered submarines.
🟢 Development began in 1995; entered service around 2017–18.
🟢 Propulsion:
🟢 First and second stages – Solid propellant.
🟢 Third stage – Liquid propellant.
🟢 Can be launched at an inclined angle while the submarine is underway.
🟢 Guidance: Hybrid system combining celestial navigation and GLONASS satellite navigation.
🟢 Equipped with decoys and manoeuvrable re-entry vehicles to penetrate missile defence systems.

#CurrentAffairs

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 India’s First Public-Sector Proton Beam Therapy Centre – Assam
🟢 The Assam Government signed an MoU with Ion Beam Applications (IBA) Particles, Belgium, to establish India’s first public-sector Proton Beam Therapy (PBT) Centre.

📍 Proton Beam Therapy (PBT)
🟢 An advanced form of radiation therapy used for cancer treatment.
🟢 Uses positively charged particles called protons to destroy cancer cells.
🟢 Delivers radiation with high precision to tumours while minimising damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
🟢 Particularly beneficial in suitable cases involving children and tumours located near critical organs.

📍 Significance
🟢 Reduces dependence on expensive private healthcare.
🟢 Improves access to advanced cancer treatment.
🟢 Strengthens public healthcare infrastructure.

🔆 INDEX & REPORTS

📍 National Organ Transplant Games 2026
🟢 Organised by the Renal Care Foundation and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital.
🟢 Associated with the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization (NOTTO) and the Government of India.
🟢 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare: Technical partner.
🟢 Theme: Promoting organ donation as “Mahadaan” (greatest gift).
🟢 World Record: 570 transplant recipients and donors performed Tadasana together.
🟢 Felicitation of medal winners from the World Transplant Games 2025, held in Dresden, Germany.
🟢 Released the Zindagi Dobara Calendar and administered the organ donation pledge.

📍 National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization (NOTTO)
🟢 A national-level organisation coordinating organ and tissue donation and transplantation activities in India.
🟢 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
🟢 Objective: Promote awareness, coordination and transparency in organ transplantation.

🔆 MISCELLANEOUS

📍 World Vegan Day 2026
🟢 Observed annually on 1 November.
🟢 Objectives:
🟢 Promote awareness of veganism and encourage plant-based food choices.
🟢 Promote animal welfare and protection.
🟢 Encourage sustainable dietary choices and awareness about food origins.

📍 History and Origin
🟢 1944: The Vegan Society was founded by Donald Watson.
🟢 1944: The term “vegan” was coined.
🟢 1994: World Vegan Day was established by Louise Wallis, former chair of The Vegan Society.
🟢 The first celebration in 1994 marked the 50th anniversary of The Vegan Society.

📍 International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists
🟢 Observed annually on 2 November.
🟢 Proclaimed by the UN General Assembly in 2013.
🟢 Commemorates the assassination of two French journalists in Mali on 2 November 2013.
🟢 Aim: Highlight violence against journalists and emphasise accountability for crimes committed against them.
🟢 UNESCO 2026 Report: The Arab States recorded the highest number of journalist murders.
🟢 More than 1,700 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1993.
🟢 In 9 out of 10 cases, perpetrators go unpunished.
🟢 73% of women journalists surveyed reported online threats, intimidation and insults related to their work.
🟢 Attacks include murder, kidnapping, torture, physical violence, harassment.

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