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🔆 ARCHITECTURE OF THE SLAVE DYNASTY (1206–1290 AD)

📍 Key Features
🟢 Also known as Mamluk/Ilbari architecture, it marked the early phase of Indo-Islamic architecture.
🟢 Early monuments often incorporated materials from demolished temples.
🟢 Hindu temple architecture commonly used pillars, while Islamic architecture emphasised arches.
🟢 Major examples: Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Qutub Minar and Adhai Din ka Jhonpra.

📍 1. Qutbuddin Aibak (1206–1210 AD)

🟢 Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque (Delhi)

• Built in the Qutb Complex, reportedly using materials from demolished Hindu temples.
• Constructed to commemorate Aibak’s victory over the Rajputs.
• Pillars retain visible Hindu architectural features.

🟢 Qutub Minar (Mehrauli, Delhi)

• Construction started by Aibak around 1199 AD and completed by Iltutmish.
• Originally had four storeys; the uppermost was damaged by lightning in 1373.
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq reconstructed its upper two storeys.
• Approximately 72.5 metres high, with 399 steps.
• Built mainly of red and buff sandstone.
• Contains inscriptions in Arabic and Nagari scripts.

🟢 Adhai Din ka Jhonpra (Ajmer, Rajasthan)

• Also known as the Two-and-a-half-day Mosque.
• Constructed by Aibak in 1199 AD.
• Incorporated material from demolished Hindu temples.

📍 2. Iltutmish (1211–1236 AD)

🟢 Expansion of Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque: Enlarged the mosque by approximately doubling its size.

🟢 Tomb of Iltutmish (1235 AD)

• Located near the north-west of Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.
• Square structure with three doorways and three mihrabs on the western wall.
• Interior decorated with arabesques and geometric patterns.
• Noted for its dome construction using squinches.

🟢 Tomb of Sultan Ghari (1231 AD)

• Built over the remains of Iltutmish’s eldest son, Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad.
• Located in Delhi.
• Regarded as the first Islamic mausoleum built by the Turks in India.

🟢 Other constructions

• Hauz-i-Shamsi: Reservoir near Qutub Minar, with a madrasa.
• Gandhak ki Baoli: Stepwell associated with Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
• Dargah of Muin-ud-Din Chishti.

📍 3. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266–1287 AD)

🟢 Tomb of Balban (1287 AD)

• Located in Mehrauli, Delhi.
• Constructed using rubble masonry.
• Noted for the first true Islamic arch in India.

📍 UPSC Prelims Quick Revision
🟢 First true Islamic arch in India – Balban’s Tomb.
🟢 First Turkish-built tomb in India – Tomb of Sultan Ghari.
🟢 Qutub Minar completed by – Iltutmish.
🟢 Qutub Minar’s upper two storeys reconstructed by – Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
🟢 First dome using squinches (as stated in the source) – Tomb of Iltutmish.

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🔆 SLAVE DYNASTY (1206–1290 AD)

📍 1. Qutbuddin Aibak (1206–1210 AD)
🟢 Laid the foundation of Qutub Minar in honour of the Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
🟢 Built Adhai Din ka Jhonpra Mosque at Ajmer.

📍 2. Iltutmish (1211–1236 AD)
🟢 Established the Turkan-i-Chahalgani (Group of Forty), comprising his close Turkish associates.
🟢 Developed the Iqta System: assignment of revenue-yielding territories in lieu of cash salaries.
🟢 Promoted Bandagan (special slaves trained for military and administrative services) to important positions.
🟢 Introduced silver Tanka and copper Jital coins.
🟢 Inscribed the name of the Caliph of Baghdad on his coins.
🟢 Completed the construction of Qutub Minar.
🟢 During his reign, Chengiz Khan invaded the Khwarazmian Empire but did not attack India.

📍 3. Razia Sultan (1236–1240 AD)
🟢 Attempted to appoint non-Turks to important administrative positions, angering the Turkish nobility.
🟢 Appointed an African Siddi slave, Jamaluddin Yaqut, as Amir-i-Akhur (Master of the Horse).
🟢 Was eventually dethroned by the Turkish nobility.

📍 4. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266–1287 AD)
🟢 Destroyed the power of the Chahalgani.
🟢 Introduced royal ceremonies:

• Sijda: Prostration before the Sultan.
• Paibos: Kissing the Sultan’s feet.
• Nauroz: Persian New Year celebration.
🟢 Established a strong spy and intelligence network under Diwan-i-Barid.
🟢 Reorganised Diwan-i-Arz, the military department.

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