☑️ Jyotiba Phule

# Personality in News

#ModernHistory

☑️Jyotiba Phule : a social gardener of social revolution

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☑️How to write “crisp-yet-informative” Mains answers 👇👇👇

Q) The 1857 revolt was a rallying cry of Hindu-Muslim unity. Discuss.

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☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER

✨Belgaum Session of 1924 :-

👉The only session to be presided by Mahatma Gandhi.

👉Key things that happened during this session :-

a) The Congress endorsed Gandhi's decision to allow the Swaraj Party to carry on work on the legislatures "on behalf of the Congress" and as an "integral" part of the Congress.

b) Gandhiji gave the Swarajists a majority of seats on his Working Committee.

c) So, the mutual trust between the Swarajists and No-changers was "furthered".

d) Gandhiji stressed on the boycott of foreign cloth and prescribed constructive program ( like - removal of untouchability, Hindu-muslim unity, spinning of Khadi ) as the chief means for attainment of Swaraj

👉 The Belgaum session also featured a Congress exhibition, which aimed at popularizing khadi and handicrafts.

👉Gandhi stayed in a hut called “Congress Niwas”, which is now a museum.

👉 Symbolism of the Venue
• Belgaum was in Bombay Presidency at the time, now part of Karnataka.
• Choosing this location had multiple symbolic goals:
a ) Show that the freedom movement was pan-Indian and not confined to Bengal, Punjab, or U.P.
b) Emphasize linguistic and regional harmony amid emerging sub-nationalist feelings.

#Upsc #UPSCPrep #upscPrelims #ModernHistory #MahatmaGandhi #UPSCmains

💥What is Gentoo Code ?

✨Topic : Modern history

👉 The Gentoo Code also known as "A Code of Gentoo Laws" or "Ordinations of the Pundits" is a legal code translated from Sanskrit (in which it was known as "Vivadabhangarnava") into Persian by Brahmin scholars; and then from Persian into English (taken by the Asiatic Society) by N.B.Halhed, a British grammarian working for the East India Company.

👉 The celebrated work of Jagannath Tarkapanchanan's  "Vivadabhangarnava" is a digest of Hindu law in 21 sections and was compiled for Warren Hastings by the pundits.

👉 The translation was funded by Warren Hastings as a method of consolidating company control on the Indian subcontinent

👉  The code is basically about the Hindu laws of inheritance (manusmriti). The pundits and maulvis were associated with judges to understand the civil laws of Hindus and muslims.

👉 This code was used in the courts of East India Company.

#UPSCPrelims2026 #ModernHistory

✨PEEL COMMISSION

[Topic: Modern History]

1. Set up after 1857 Revolt.

2. To look after the military affairs of British India

3. Recommendations of Peel Commision ----
a) Native Army should be composed of different nationalities and castes ( as it felt that a homogeneous Arny would be a risk in future & more prior to the revolt, the recruitment was more of upper Hindu caste)

b) It was decided to divide regiments into class companies and this eventually led to the theory of "Martial Races of India" ( post 1857 - regiments of dogras , Gujjars , Gorkhas, Sikhs , Kumaons, Mahars ets )

c) recommended that proportion of Indian to British soldiers in India should not be greater than 3:1 ( this was adhered till Second World War )

d) Commision also recommended that soldiers should be enlisted for general service.

#upsc #ModernHistory #UPSCPrelims2026

☑️Company Law vs Customary Justice in British India :

👉The establishment of British rule in India witnessed a gradual but decisive supersession of indigenous customary and royal justice by Company law, reflecting the transformation of the East India Company from a trading body into a colonial state.

1. Nature of Customary and Royal Justice
•Based on local customs, religious texts, and royal authority.
•Dispensed through panchayats, qazis, muftis, and royal courts.
•Emphasised reconciliation and social norms rather than codification.

2. Introduction of Company Law
•Diwani grant (1765) enabled Company control over civil justice.
•Warren Hastings’ judicial reforms (1772) created Company-run courts.
•Regulating Act (1773) and Supreme Court (1774) introduced English legal principles.

3. Codification and Centralisation
•Cornwallis Code (1793) established uniform laws and separated judiciary from executive.
•Indians excluded from higher judicial offices.
•Reduced flexibility of customary practices.

4. Charter Act of 1833 and Legal Uniformity
•Centralised legislative authority with Governor-General-in-Council.
•Laws applied uniformly across British India.
•Customary law confined largely to personal matters.

5. Consequences
•Erosion of indigenous sovereignty and royal authority.
•Legal alienation of peasants and traditional elites.
•Strengthened colonial control under the guise of rule of law.

✨Company law did not merely replace customary justice; it redefined legality itself in colonial India. By subordinating indigenous legal systems to a centralised, codified framework, the British legitimised political domination through legal means.

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https://youtu.be/dUMNg8qo6fM?si=c6wIQyOJN6jlAdiH

☑️Tribute to Ram Manohar Lohia Ji on his Birthday. (Current affairs) - let’s link this to the Static part of Modern History

In this video , you can watch and make notes about his contributions.

👉 His ideology and Role in freedom struggle
👉 Concept of “Saptakranti” and it’s relevance in contemporary times.

#ModernHistory #UPSC