✔️✔️ Communalism, Secularism & Regionalism – Key Data & Facts

📍 Religious Demographics (Census 2011)
✅ Composition:
▪ Hindus – 79.8%
▪ Muslims – 14.2%
▪ Christians – 2.3%
▪ Sikhs – 1.7%
▪ Buddhists – 0.7%
▪ Jains – 0.4%
✅ Linguistic Diversity:
▪ 22 Scheduled Languages + thousands of dialects
▪ Overlaps with religious & regional identities

📍 Communal & Ethnic Conflict
✅ Communal Riots (2024):
▪ 59 riots, an 84% increase from 32 (2023)
▪ Religious festivals & processions major triggers (CSSS Report, Jan 2025)
✅ Fatalities (2024):
▪ 13 deaths → 10 Muslims, 3 Hindus
✅ Ethnic Conflict – Manipur (2023–Present):
▪ Meitei vs Kuki-Zo conflict
▪ 250+ deaths
▪ 60,000+ displaced
✅ Crimes under SC/ST Act (2022):
▪ 67,000+ cases registered (NCRB 2022)
▪ Indicates persistence of caste-based violence

📍 Regional Disparity
✅ North–South Economic Divide:
▪ Southern states contribute higher taxes
▪ Receive comparatively lower fiscal transfers
▪ Creates friction in fiscal federalism
✅ GSDP Performance (2023–24):
▪ Goa, Sikkim, Haryana – Per capita income 1.7× national average
▪ Bihar, Uttar Pradesh – Significantly below average (EAC-PM Report)

📍 Inter-Community Social Relations
✅ Inter-religious Marriages:
▪ Very low – ~2.1%
▪ Anti-conversion law debates reflect resistance
✅ Inter-caste Marriages:
▪ Higher than inter-religious
▪ 5.8% (NFHS-5, 2021)

#UPSCSociety