▪️Azotemia refers to the elevation of BUN.

▪️Uremia refers to the signs and symptoms associated with accumulation of nitrogenous wastes due to impaired renal function.

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Complications of chronic constipation:

• Hemorrhoids.

• Rectal prolapse.

• Anal fissures.

• Fecal impaction.

Most common causes of Low Back Pain:

1️⃣Musculoligamentous strain.

2️⃣Degenerative disc disease.

3️⃣Facet arthritis.

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Signs & Symptoms of Acromegaly:

Arthralgia/Arthritis.
Blood pressure raised.
Carpal tunnel syndrome.
DM.
Enlarged organs.
Field defect (visual).

Causes of chronic cough in adults:

▪️Smoking.

▪️Postnasal drip.

▪️GERD.

▪️Asthma.

Best antibiotics for anaerobes:

1️⃣Penicillin (G, VK, amoxicillin, ampicillin).

2️⃣Clindamycin.

3️⃣Metronidazole (for abdominal/GI).

Best antibiotics for grampositive cocci (Staph & Strep):

🔹PRPs (oxacillin, nafcillin, etc.)

🔹First-generation cephalosporins.

🔹Fluoroquinolones.

PT ➡️ reflects extrinsic pathway (prolonged by warfarin).

PTT ➡️reflects intrinsic pathway (prolonged by heparin).

Thrombin time ➡️measure of fibrinogen concentration.

Bleeding time ➡️reflects platelet function.

Signs of Graves disease:

🔺Exophthalmos.

🔺Pretibial myxedema.

🔺Thyroid bruit.

Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder resulting in inadequate production of intrinsic factor, which leads to impaired absorption of vitamin B 12 in the terminal ileum❗️

Beck Triad of Cardiac Tamponade:

🔺Hypotension.

🔺Muffled heart sounds.

🔺JVD.

Human Papilloma Virus

High risk types:
(16, 18, 31, 33) ➡️Give rise to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Progresses to cancer❗️

Low risk types:
(6 & 11) ➡️Give rise to benign lesions (condylomas).

Red Flags of Bone Tumors:

🚩Persistent skeletal pain.

🚩Localized tenderness.

🚩Spontaneous fracture.

🚩Enlarging mass/soft tissue swelling.

Top 3 Causes of Large Bowel Obstruction:

1️⃣Cancer.

2️⃣Diverticulitis.

3️⃣Volvulus.

Complications of treatment of DKA:

• Cerebral edema ➡️when glucose levels decrease too rapidly.

• Hyperchloremic nongap metabolic acidosis ➡️due to rapid infusion of large amount of saline.

Carcinoid Syndrome:

🔸Flushing.

🔸Diarrhea.

🔸Right-sided heart failure.

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Mental Status Exam:
ASEPTIC
Appearance & behavior.
Speech.
Emotion (mood & affect).
Perception.
Thought content & process.
Insight & judgment.
Cognition.

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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome:

• Severe hyperosmolarity (>320 mOsm/L).

• Hyperglycemia (>600 mg/ dL).

• Acidosis & ketosis are ABSENT.

• Dehydration.