Layers of Gut Wall (inside to outside): MSMS

„🔸Mucosa: Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa.
🔸Submucosa: Includes Submucosal nerve plexus (Meissner), Secretes fluid.
🔸Muscularis externa: Includes Myenteric nerve plexus (Auerbach), Motility. „
🔸Serosa when intraperitoneal, adventitia when retroperitoneal.

Appendicitis:
Acute inflammation of the appendix, can be due to obstruction by:
▪️Fecalith (in adults)
▪️Lymphoid hyperplasia (in children).

Initial diffuse periumbilical pain migrates to McBurney point❗️

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Dialyzable Substances:

• Salicylic acid.

• Lithium.

• Ethylene glycol.

• Magnesium-containing laxatives.

Hepatoduodenal Ligament:
Forms the anterior boundary of the epipolic foramen of Winslow and connects the greater and the lesser peritoneal cavities.
contains:

🔺Common bile duct (CBD).

🔺Portal vein.

🔺Proper hepatic artery.

Delusions❗️
Unique, false, fixed, idiosyncratic beliefs that persist despite the facts and are not typical of a patient’s culture or religion.
Types: Erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed, and unspecified.

Femoral Hernia:
🔸Protrudes BELOW the inguinal ligament through femoral canal, below and lateral to pubic tubercle.
🔸More common in females, but overall inguinal hernias are the most common.

Conn’s syndrome:
A rare syndrome produced by an aldosterone-secreting adenoma of the suprarenal cortex.
Characteristically:
⬇️serum potassium which results in episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis.
⬆️serum sodium and alkalosis together with hypertension.

Signs of Multiple Myeloma:
CRAB 🦀

Calcium (Hypercalcemia).

Renal failure.

Anemia.

Bone lesions (Lytic).

Signs of Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup):
The 3 Ss

Stridor.

Subglottic swelling.

Seal bark cough.

Hydronephrosis:
🔹Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces caused by the impairment in antegrade urine flow.

Pyelonephritis:
🔸Infection of the renal parenchyma with local and systemic manifestations.
🔸Clinical diagnosis of flank pain, fever and elevated WBC.

Clostridium Difficile Infection

Adrenal cortex
Functionally and anatomically divided into three layers:

1️⃣Outer zona (glomerulosa) secretes mineralocorticoids.

2️⃣Middle zona (fasciculata) secretes glucocorticoids.

3️⃣Inner zona (reticularis) secretes androgens & glucocorticoids.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:
🔹A chronic disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation and limited reversibility with the presence of inflammatory response against toxic gases or particles.

🔹Airflow obstruction along with pulmonary parenchymal destruction.

Jaundice:
Refers to the yellow coloring of the skin and sclera due to elevated levels of bilirubin in plasma.

It is detectable clinically when serum bilirubin is >3 mg/dL❗️

Hyperviscosity Syndrome
Can lead to retinal vessel dilation with resulting hemorrhage and possible blindness❗️

Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system.
Lymphadenopathy is usually the first finding in lymphomas.

Types:
1️⃣Hodgkin lymophoma.
2️⃣Non-hodgkin lymphoma.

Statins and Fibrates can induce transient elevation in serum transaminases.
LFT must be monitored❗️

Causes of Chronic Cough in Adults:

1️⃣Smoking.

2️⃣Postnasal drip.

3️⃣GERD.

4️⃣Asthma.

Viral Meningitis

Ischemic Stroke Types:

„1️⃣Thrombotic: A clot forming directly at site of infarction, usually over an atherosclerotic plaque.

„2️⃣Embolic: Embolus from another part of the body obstructs vessel. It can affect multiple vascular territories.

„3️⃣Hypoxic: Due to hypoperfusion or hypoxemia. Common during cardiovascular surgeries. It tends to affect watershed areas.