Sleep Apnea:
• Repeated cessation of breathing > 10 seconds during sleep ➡️disrupted sleep ➡️ daytime somnolence.
• Normal PaO2 during the day.
• Diagnosis confirmed by sleep study.

Aortic Dissection:
Longitudinal intimal tear forming a false lumen.

🔸Associated with hypertension, bicuspid aortic valve, inherited connective tissue disorders.
🔸Can present with tearing, sudden-onset chest pain, radiating to the back.
🔸CXR shows mediastinal widening.

Appendicitis Signs

Types of Syncope:

▪️Vasomotor.

▪️Cardiac.

▪️CNS.

▪️Metabolic.

▪️Psychogenic.

External Manifestations of Polycystic Kidney Disease:

🔸Hepatic cysts.

🔸Mitral valve prolapse.

🔸Cerebral aneurysms.

🔸Diverticulosis.

Hemolytic jaundice
(pre-hepatic jaundice)

Pathophysiology:
▪️Increased bilirubin load for hepatocytes.

Causes:
1️⃣Hemolysis.
Hemolytic anemia caused by genetics, immune disorders, infections, hypersplenism, and reaction to drugs or blood transfusion.

2️⃣Ineffective erythropoiesis.

HIV Stages:

1️⃣Primary infection: Fever, lymphadenopathy, lethargy.

2️⃣Asymptomatic patient (longest phase, 4-7 years)

3️⃣Symptomatic HIV infection.

4️⃣AIDS: Opportunistic infection, malignancies, CD4<200.

Management of Rhabdomyolysis:

1️⃣Correct fluid & electrolyte abnormalities.

2️⃣Remove & treat the cause.

3️⃣Treat compartment syndrome if present.

Angina:
Chest pain due to ischemic myocardium secondary to coronary artery narrowing or spasm; NO myocyte necrosis❗️

Symptoms of Osteoarthritis:

​🔹Joint pain that worsens with movement.

🔹Morning joint stiffness.

🔹Functional limitation.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:
A peripheral neuropathy resulting from compression of the median nerve as it passes under the flexor retinaculum leading to tingling (parethesia), hypothesia (numbness), or anesthesia along the median nerve distribution.

Multiple Sclerosis:

▪️A T-cell mediated autoimmune demyelinating disease affecting the CNS myelin and oligodendrocytes.

▪️Recurrent episodes of neurological dysfunctions separated in space and time.

The most common causes of death in SLE are opportunistic infections and renal failure❗️

Rheumatoid Arthritis is UNLIKELY if:

🔸Joint distribution is asymmetric.

🔸DIP is involved.

🔸Constitutional symptoms, especially morning stiffness, are absent.

Precipitants of an Acute Gouty Attack:

• ⬇️ Temperature.

• ⬆️ Alcohol intake.

• Dehydration.

• Stress (emotional or physical).

• Starvation.

Non-traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Causes:

🔹Congenital & developmental e.g. Spina bifida.

🔹Degenerative CNS disorders e.g. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

🔹Inflammatory diseases e.g. Multiple sclerosis.

🔹Infectious, ischemic, and toxic causes.