External Manifestations of
Polycystic Kidney Disease:

• Hepatic cysts.

• Mitral valve prolapse.

• Cerebral aneurysms.

• Diverticulosis.

Dementia:
Progressive deterioration of the intellectual and cognitive functions typically with preservation of the level of consciousness.

The most common cause of false aneurysms is trauma to the blood vessel.
This includes iatrogenic insults❗️

⬇️ 5Ds of Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency:

Drop attacks.

Diplopia.

Dysarthria.

Dizziness.

Dysphagia.

Lung malignancy is the most common cause of extralaryngeal vocal cord paralysis❗️

🔶Cerumen impaction is the most common cause of conductive hearing loss for those aged 15-50 years.

Hyperkinetic movements:
Excessive involuntary movements.

• Tremors: Sustained sinusoidal oscillation of a body part.
• Chorea: Excessive, irregular movements flitting from one body part to another (‘dance- like’).
• Myoclonus: Brief electric shock-like jerks.

Osteoporosis:
Decreased bone mass/quality causes increased bone fragility and fracture risk. The bone mineral density is at least 2.5 standard deviations below that of young, normal individuals.

Osteoporosis is a silent disease. It is asymptomatic until a fracture occurs❗️

Signs of Acute Severe Asthma Attacks:
🔹Tachypnea.
🔹Diaphoresis.
🔹Wheezing.
🔹Speaking in incomplete sentences.
🔹Use of accessory muscles of respiration.

Lung Nodule: Benign vs. Malignant

Secondary HYPOthyroidism:
Insufficient secretion of TRH or TSH.

▪️Hypothalamic disorders.

▪️Hypopituitarism.

▪️Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.

In Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis symptoms appear after hours from exposure and resolve with removal of the causative antigen❗️

Enzymatic abnormalities resulting in uric acid overproduction:

1️⃣Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: HGPRT deficiency.

2️⃣Superactivity of PRPP.

3️⃣Von Gierke’ s disease: G6PD deficiency.

Kernicterus:
Free, fat-soluble bilirubin crosses the BBB into the brain and accumulates particularly in the basal ganglia causing symptoms like:

🔸Lethargy.

🔸Transient disturbance.

🔸Irritability.

🔸Opisthotonos.

🔸Can lead to seizures or coma.

Types of Pneumothorax

Basophilia / Eosinophilia can be an indicator of CML or other myeloproliferative neoplasm, associated with pruritus due to excessive histamine production❗️

Complications of Bronchiectasis:
▪️Pneumonia.
▪️Empyema.
▪️Pneumothorax.
▪️Metastatic cerebral abscess.
▪️Massive hemoptysis.

Non-traumatic Causes of Spinal Cord Injury:

🔸Congenital & developmental (e.g., spina bifida, cerebral palsy).

🔸Degenerative CNS disorders (e.g., Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).

🔸Inflammatory diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis). Infectious, ischemic causes, and toxic causes.

The main goal in treating bronchiectasis is to prevent the complications of pneumonia and hemoptysis❗️

Neurogenic Shock Triad:

🔺Hypotension.

🔺Hypothermia.

🔺Relative bradycardia.