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*🛡️A Secular State*

♟️The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State.

♟️The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State:

♟️The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.

♟️The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief,Faith and worship.

♟️The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws (Article 14).

♟️The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion (Article 15).

♟️Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment (Article 16).
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*🛡️Council of Ministers in states*

♟️In a Parliamentary form of government, the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister is the executive authority.

♟️The states under the Indian constitution are organised on the pattern as that of
the centre.

♟️The Council of Ministers in the state is a replica of the council of Ministers at the centre.

♟️They resemble in formation, function and role in the administration.

♟️The constitution provides a broad and general view of the principles of Parliamentary system of Government in Article 163 and Article 164 .

♟️Council of ministers are there to aid and advise the Governor of the state in various matters.

♟️In a Parliamentary form of government, the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister is the executive authority.

♟️The states under the Indian constitution are organised on the pattern as that of
the centre.

♟️The Council of Ministers in the state is a replica of the council of Ministers at the centre.

♟️They resemble in formation, function and role in the administration.

♟️The constitution provides a broad and general view of the principles of Parliamentary system of Government in Article 163 and Article 164 .

♟️Council of ministers are there to aid and advise the Governor of the state in various matters.

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🛡️ AD HOC JUDGE

♟️When there is a lack of quorum of the permanent judges to hold or continue any session of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice of India can appoint a judge of a High Court as an ad hoc judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period.

♟️He can do so only after consultation with the chief justice of the High Court concerned and with the previous consent of the president.

♟️The judge so appointed should be qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court.

♟️It is the duty of the judge so appointed to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court, in priority to other duties of his office. While so attending, he enjoys all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges (and discharges the duties) of a judge of the Supreme Court.
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Hello everyone,
🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨

*Finally, the day has arrived. The oral hearing of the Review Petition is scheduled for today, 26th February.* 🎊🎊

We will be streaming the live proceedings on our channel.

As per the cause list, our matter is likely to be taken up *between 1:30 PM and 2:00 PM.* 🧐🧐
Therefore, please stay connected to the live *stream after 1:00 PM,* as the proceedings may begin at any time.
📢📢📢📢📢
You can watch the pleadings, arguments, and observe how the Hon’ble Supreme Court conducts the hearing and what directions may follow.

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*To watch the live proceedings, please click the link and join the channel.*

https://www.youtube.com/live/RYfYpbTZLaI?si=Dzksws0wWZ51UTRd

*Once the order is pronounced, I will provide a detailed explanation.*

Thank you.
Hello everyone.

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Join to keep yourself updated.

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🛡️ *AMENDMENT BY SPECIAL MAJORITY OF PARLIAMENT and CONSENT OF STATES.*

1. Provisions related to the federal structure of the polity can be amended by a special majority of the Parliament and also with the consent of half of the state legislatures by a simple majority.

2. If one or some or all the remaining states take no action on the bill, it does not matter; the moment half of the states give their consent, the formality is completed. There is no time limit within which the states should give their consent to the bill.

4. The following provisions can be amended :-

♟️Election of the President and its manner.

♟️Extent of the executive power of the Union and the states.

♟️Supreme Court and high courts.

♟️Distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the
states.

♟️Goods and Services Tax Council

♟️Any of the lists in the Seventh Schedule.

♟️Representation of states in Parliament.

♟️Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and its procedure (Article 368 itself).

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*🛡️Procedure Of The Court*

♟️The Supreme Court can, with the approval of the president, make
rules for regulating generally the practice and procedure of the
Court.

♟️The Constitutional cases or references made by the
President under Article 143 are decided by a Bench consisting of
at least five judges.

♟️All other cases are decided by single judges and division benches.

♟️The judgements are delivered by the open court. All judgements are by majority vote but if differing, then judges can give dissenting judgements or opinions.
*Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919*

• The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once again resorted to the policy of ‘carrot and stick’. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick.

Main Features

• Provincial Government

• Introduction of Dyarchy.

• Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 percent of the members were to be elected.

• The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.

• Central Government

• No responsible government was envisaged in the Act for the government at the all-India level.

• A bicameral arrangement was introduced.

• The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.

• The Act clarified that there would be a gradual development of self-governing institution in India and not self-determination of the people of India.
*🛡️LEADER OF THE HOUSE*

♟️Under the Rules of Lok Sabha, the ‘Leader of the House’ means the prime minister, if he is a member of the Lok Sabha, or a minister who is a member of the Lok Sabha and is nominated by the prime minister to function as the Leader of the House.

♟️There is also a ‘Leader of the House’ in the Rajya Sabha. He is a minister and a member of the Rajya Sabha and is nominated by the prime minister to function as such.

♟️The leader of the house in either House is an important functionary and exercises direct influence on the conduct of business. He can also nominate a deputy leader of the House. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘majority leader’.
*A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)* – Personal liberty under Article 21.

*Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine.

*I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights.

*Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21.

*S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356.

*Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission.

*K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy.

*Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality.

*Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid.

*Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine..
*🛡️BRITISH CONQUEST OF BENGAL*

♟️British exports from Bengal: Saltpetre, Rice, Indigo, Pepper, Sugar and Silk, Cotton Textiles. (Bengalcomprised 60% of EIC trade with India.)

♟️Factories were set up in Balasore, Hooghly, Kasim bazar, Patna and Dacca.

♟️1717:- British secured royal Farman for Emperor Farrukh Siyar for trade (export import) in Bengal a right to issue Dastaks (free passes for trading) for movement of such goods issued. (Dastaks were cause of perpetual conflict).

♟️Alivardi Khan was engaged in wars with Maratha for 15 years.

♟️British strengthened their entrenchment in Fort Williams.

♟️Alivardi Khan died in 1756 a succeeded by Siraj-ud-Daula.

♟️Internal tussle and opposition of Siraj ud daulah in the court.

♟️Important Rulers:- Murshid Quli Khan (first Diwan of Bengal) a Shujauddin a Alivardi Khan (stopped paying tributes to The Mughals).
🫟  Happy Holi Dear Students! 🫟

🌈
✨May this festival of colors fill your life with happiness, success, and bright opportunities. Keep learning, keep shining! 🌈✨
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*Happy International Women's Day*
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🚨 Big Day for All Law Students! ⚖️📚

Baccho
, aaj aap sabki aur hamari kismat ka faisla hone wala hai. Today is a very crucial day for everyone preparing for Law & Judiciary.

Our matter is listed in the Hon’ble Supreme Court, and it is expected to come on the table around 1:30 to 2:00 PM. ⏰

So 2 baje sab ready rehna aur LIVE session se judna. Aap khud live proceedings dekh paoge —
⚖
️ kya contentions rakhe jaate hain
👨‍⚖️ Court ki kya observations hoti hain
📜 aur final decision kya aata hai

Ye
decision bahut saare law aur judiciary aspirants ke future ko impact kar sakta hai.

🙏 Dil thaam ke baithiye… aur sab log pray kariye.

Hum bhi pray kar rahe hain ki jo bhi decision aaye, woh sabhi students ke favour mein ho. 🤲✨

🎥 Stay connected and join the LIVE at1:30 PM! 🚨

To Join:
https://www.youtube.com/live/dhRnE4-Wvm4?si=vaxd2wjb1BF2umKn
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