##2020 – Science & Technology Questions in UPSC Mains

1.What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in the health sector?

2.How is science interwoven deeply with our lives? What are the striking changes in agriculture triggered off by science-based technologies?

3. COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid the management of the pandemic.

##2019 – Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains

1.What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme?

2.How can biotechnology help to improve the living standards of farmers?

3.Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of a fast breeder reactor programme in India?

4. How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?

##2018 – Science and Technology
Questions in UPSC Mains

1.Discuss the work of ‘Bose-Einstein Statistics’ done by Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose and show how it revolutionized the field of Physics.

2.Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma?

3.With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.

##2017 – Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains

1.Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments?

2.India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space missions, both in terms of technology and logistics? Explain critically.

##2016 – Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains

1.What is allelopathy? Discuss its role in major cropping systems of irrigated agriculture.

2.Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development?

3.Why is nanotechnology one of the key technologies of the 21st century? Describe the salient features of Indian Government’s Mission on Nanoscience and Technology and the scope of its application in the development process of the country.

##2015 – Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains

1.How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regards?

2.To what factors can the recent dramatic fall in equipment costs and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for the thermal power producers and the related industry?

3.What do you understand by ‘Standard Positioning Systems’ and ‘Protection Positioning Systems’ in the GPS era? Discuss the advantages India perceives from its ambitious IRNSS programme employing just seven satellites.

4.What are the areas of prohibitive labour that can be sustainably managed by robots? Discuss the initiatives that can propel research in premier research institutes for substantive and gainful innovation.

5.Discuss the advantage and security implications of cloud hosting of servers vis-a-vis in-house machine-based hosting for government businesses.

6.India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) which has a database containing formatted information on more than 2 million medicinal formulations is proving a powerful weapon in the country’s fight against erroneous patents. Discuss the pros and cons of making this database publicly available under open-source licensing.




##2014 – Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains

1.Can overuse and the availability of antibiotics without doctor’s prescription, the contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved.

2.Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as our business operations, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment.

3.In a globalised world, intellectual property rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms – copyrights, patents and trade secrets.

##2013 – Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains

1.Bringing out the circumstances in 2005 which forced an amendment to the section 3(d) in Indian Patent Law, 1970, discuss how it has been utilized by the Supreme Court in its judgement in rejecting Novartis’ patent application for ‘Glivec’. Discuss briefly the pros and cons of the decision.

2.What do you understand by Fixed-Dose drug Combinations (FDCs)? Discuss their merits and demerits.

3.What is a digital signature? What does its authentication mean? Give various salient built-in features of a digital signature.

4.How does 3D printing technology work? List out the advantages and disadvantages of the technology.
What is an FRP composite material? How are they manufactured? Discuss their application in the aviation and automobile industries.

#EthicsKeywords

𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐬:-
🔺नीति शास्त्र
➜Ethics is a set of standards that a society places on itself and which helps guide behaviour, choices and actions.
Or
➜Ethics may be defined as the systematic study of human actions from the point of view of the rightfulness or wrongfulness, as means for the attainment of the ultimate happiness.

𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 :-
🔺दृढ़ नैतिकता, सत्‍य-निष्‍ठा
➜Integrity is defined as consistency between beliefs, decisions and actions, and continued adherence to values and principles

𝐀𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞:-
🔺सहज अभिरुचि; रुझान, अभिक्षमता
➜it is a component of a competency to do a certain kind of work at a certain level, which can also be considered 'talent'

ᴀᴘᴛɪᴛᴜᴅᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ꜰᴏᴜɴᴅᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴠᴀʟᴜᴇꜱ ꜰᴏʀ ᴄɪᴠɪʟ ꜱᴇʀᴠɪᴄᴇ

#EthicsKeywords

𝐀𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞 :- 𝓝𝓪𝓽𝓾𝓻𝓪𝓵 𝓪𝓫𝓲𝓵𝓲𝓽𝔂 𝓸𝓻 𝓼𝓴𝓲𝓵𝓵
🔹अभिक्षमता
➜An aptitude is an innate inborn ability or capacity to learn to do a certain kind of work.
➜it is a component of a competency to do a certain kind of work at a certain level, which can also be considered 'talent'
𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 :-𝓣𝓱𝓮 𝓺𝓾𝓪𝓵𝓲𝓽𝔂 𝓸𝓯 𝓫𝓮𝓲𝓷𝓰 𝓱𝓸𝓷𝓮𝓼𝓽 𝓪𝓷𝓭 𝓱𝓪𝓿𝓲𝓷𝓰 𝓶𝓸𝓻𝓪𝓵 𝓹𝓻𝓲𝓷𝓬𝓲𝓹𝓪l
🔹 दृड नैतिकता
➜Integrity is defined as consistency between beliefs, decisions and actions, and continued adherence to values and principles
➜integrity is putting obligation of public service above your own personal interest.
𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 :-
🔹 निष्पक्षता
➜Impartiality means acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving governments of different political parties and the general public equally well and in the same spirit.

#EthicsKeywords

𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 :-
➜Partisanship is the act of supporting a party, person or cause.
◕ Partisanship refersin general to actions supporting or opposing political parties or biases.
𝐍𝐨𝐧 -𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩:-𝓵𝓪𝓬𝓴 𝓸𝓯 𝓫𝓲𝓪𝓼, 𝓮𝓼𝓹𝓮𝓬𝓲𝓪𝓵𝓵𝔂 𝓽𝓸𝔀𝓪𝓻𝓭𝓼 𝓪𝓷𝔂 𝓹𝓪𝓻𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓾𝓵𝓪𝓻 𝓹𝓸𝓵𝓲𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓪𝓵 𝓰𝓻𝓸𝓾𝓹
🔹 पक्षपात रहित
➜ It is an essential element of both a professional public service and democratic government.
𝐎𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲 :-𝓕𝓻𝓮𝓮𝓭𝓸𝓶 𝓯𝓻𝓸𝓶 𝓫𝓲𝓪𝓼𝓮𝓼
🔹 वस्तुनिष्ठता
➜The principle of objectivity implies that the decisions and actions should be based on observable phenomena and should not be influenced by emotions, biases or personal prejudices.
➜objectivity is basing your advice and decision on rigorous analysis of evidence.

#EthicsKeywords

𝐄𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐲 :-𝓕𝓮𝓮𝓵𝓲𝓷𝓰 𝓽𝓱𝓮 𝓼𝓪𝓶𝓮 𝓮𝓶𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷𝓼 𝓪𝓼 𝓸𝓽𝓱𝓮𝓻 𝓹𝓮𝓻𝓼𝓸𝓷
🔹 समानभूती
➜the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within the other person's frame of reference.
𝐓𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 :-𝓒𝓪𝓹𝓪𝓬𝓲𝓽𝔂 𝓽𝓸 𝓮𝓷𝓭𝓾𝓻𝓮 𝓹𝓪𝓲𝓷 𝓸𝓻 𝓱𝓪𝓻𝓭𝓼𝓱𝓲𝓹
🔹 सहनशीलता
➜it comprises of allowing people to exercise their rights religious or constitutional.
➜Tolerance is the responsibility that upholds human rights, pluralism, democracy, harmony and the rule of law.
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 :- 𝓟𝓲𝓽𝔂 𝓯𝓸𝓻 𝓼𝓸𝓶𝓮𝓫𝓸𝓭𝔂 𝔀𝓱𝓸 𝓲𝓼 𝓼𝓾𝓯𝓯𝓮𝓻𝓲𝓷𝓰
🔹 संवेदना
➜Compassion is the understanding or empathy for the suffering of others.
More involved than simple empathy, compassion commonly gives rise to an active desire to alleviate another's suffering'.

#EthicsKeywords

𝗔𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲:-
🔺रुख़, अभिवृत्ति, मनोवृत्ति, दृष्टिकोण
🌸𝓽𝓱𝓮 𝔀𝓪𝔂 𝓽𝓱𝓪𝓽 𝔂𝓸𝓾 𝓽𝓱𝓲𝓷𝓴, 𝓯𝓮𝓮𝓵 𝓸𝓻 𝓫𝓮𝓱𝓪𝓿𝓮
➜ Attitude refers to a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular object with some degree of favour or disfavour

🌼 𝐌𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞:-
🔺नैतिक रवैया

✨*Moral attitudes include moral judgments such as "right or wrong" and "blameworthy or praiseworthy.

🌼𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞:-
🔺राजनीतिक रवैया

✨*An attitude is a predisposition to respond to a particular stimulus {i.e.,object) in a particular manner.
➜Political attitudes are those directed toward political objects, such as political candidates, political issues, political parties, and political institutions.

🌼𝐒𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 :-
🔺सामाजिक प्रभाव

🌸𝓪𝓷𝔂 𝓬𝓱𝓪𝓷𝓰𝓮 𝓲𝓷 𝓪𝓷 𝓲𝓷𝓭𝓲𝓿𝓲𝓭𝓾𝓪𝓵'𝓼 𝓽𝓱𝓸𝓾𝓰𝓱𝓽𝓼, 𝓯𝓮𝓮𝓵𝓲𝓷𝓰𝓼, 𝓸𝓻 𝓫𝓮𝓱𝓪𝓿𝓲𝓸𝓻𝓼 𝓬𝓪𝓾𝓼𝓮𝓭 𝓫𝔂 𝓸𝓽𝓱𝓮𝓻 𝓹𝓮𝓸𝓹𝓵𝓮

✨*Social influence is a major topic in social psychology and looks at how individual thoughts, actions and feelings are influenced by social groups.
🌼 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 :-
🔺अनुनय , समझाना-बुझाना

🌸𝓽𝓱𝓮 𝓪𝓬𝓽 𝓸𝓯 𝓹𝓮𝓻𝓼𝓾𝓪𝓭𝓲𝓷𝓰 𝓼𝓸𝓶𝓮𝓫𝓸𝓭𝔂 𝓽𝓸 𝓭𝓸 𝓼𝓸𝓶𝓮𝓽𝓱𝓲𝓷𝓰 𝓸𝓻 𝓽𝓸 𝓫𝓮𝓵𝓲𝓮𝓿𝓮 𝓼𝓸𝓶𝓮𝓽𝓱𝓲𝓷𝓰

✨ *Persuasion is defined as communicative activities that are mediated. It is the process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs or behaviour of a person.

#EthicsKeywords

✿ 𝙀𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙃𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙚

✷ Ethics:

Ethics is a set of standards that a society places on itself and which helps guide behaviour, choices and action

1)𝗘𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 :-

🔹सारतत्‍व; किसी वस्‍तु की मूलभूत और सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण विशेषता

➜𝓜𝓪𝓲𝓷 𝓬𝓸𝓶𝓹𝓸𝓷𝓮𝓷𝓽𝓼 𝓸𝓻 𝓴𝓮𝔂 𝓹𝓻𝓸𝓹𝓮𝓻𝓽𝔂 𝓸𝓯 𝓮𝓽𝓱𝓲𝓬𝓼
➜𝓽𝓱𝓮 𝓫𝓪𝓼𝓲𝓬 𝓸𝓻 𝓶𝓸𝓼𝓽 𝓲𝓶𝓹𝓸𝓻𝓽𝓪𝓷𝓽 𝓺𝓾𝓪𝓵𝓲𝓽𝔂 𝓸𝓯 𝓼𝓸𝓶𝓮𝓽𝓱𝓲𝓷𝓰 𝓲.𝓮. 𝓔𝓽𝓱𝓲𝓬𝓼

✨*It means intrinsic nature or indespensible quality of ethics which determines it's character.

2)𝗗𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀 :-

🔹निर्धारकों

➜𝓯𝓪𝓬𝓽𝓸𝓻 𝔀𝓱𝓲𝓬𝓱 𝓭𝓮𝓬𝓲𝓼𝓲𝓿𝓮𝓵𝔂 𝓪𝓯𝓯𝓮𝓬𝓽𝓼 𝓽𝓱𝓮 𝓷𝓪𝓽𝓾𝓻𝓮 𝓸𝓻 𝓸𝓾𝓽𝓬𝓸𝓶𝓮 𝓸𝓯 𝓼𝓸𝓶𝓮𝓽𝓱𝓲𝓷𝓰

*It means the factors which decide whether actions being judged is Ethical or not.
*Determinants are the factors which contributes in formation of ethics in human action.

𝟑)𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐢𝐧-𝐡𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 :-

🔹परिणाम, नतीजा, फल, प्रभाव

➜𝓼𝓸𝓶𝓮𝓽𝓱𝓲𝓷𝓰 𝓽𝓱𝓪𝓽 𝓱𝓪𝓹𝓹𝓮𝓷𝓼 𝓸𝓻 𝓯𝓸𝓵𝓵𝓸𝔀𝓼 𝓪𝓼 𝓪 𝓻𝓮𝓼𝓾𝓵𝓽 𝓸𝓯 𝓼𝓸𝓶𝓮𝓽𝓱𝓲𝓷𝓰 𝓮𝓵𝓼𝓮

✨The consequences are the effects caused by an action and the quality of these consequences depend on how much good they contain.

#EthicsKeywords

DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS:

✷ META-ETHICS:-

✨ It Deals with questions like 'What is meant by being right?' OR "What is meant by being wrong ?
✨Deals with the definition of right and wrong.
✨Meta means about the thing itself.
✨So Meta-Ethics is Ethics about Ethics.

🌼Eg: "What is
meant by a wrong
action?"

✷𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐂𝐑𝐈𝐏𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐂𝐒 (𝐍𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐂𝐒)

✨Deals with questions like 'Is that action right (ethical)? OR 'Was that act wrong?
✨Checks if the action/outcome of an action fits into the definition of Right or Wrong

🌼Eg: "Is it wrong to
kill a person?"

✨Deontological Ethics (focus on action/duty),
Teleological Ethics (focus on the outcome/end),
and Virtue Ethics are the sub-
branches.

✷𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐂𝐑𝐈𝐏𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐂𝐒 (𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐂𝐒)

✨Deals with peoples beliefs about morality.
✨Deals with what society thinks as good or bad.
✨It is an empirical investigation of the moral beliefs of various groups.

🌼Eg: "How many
among you think
that it is wrong to
kill a person?"

✷ 𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐋𝐈𝐄𝐃 𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐂𝐒 :-

✨The most practical branch of
ethics.
🌼Eg: "Is it ethical to
allow euthanasia?"

✨Deals with ethical questions
specific to practical fields.
Includes bio ethics, legal ethics,
business ethics, medical ethics etc.

#EthicsKeywords

◕ 𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙗𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙞𝙣 𝙂𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 ◕

1) 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐲:-
🌸सत्यनिष्ठा, ईमानदारी

◉𝓽𝓱𝓮 𝓺𝓾𝓪𝓵𝓲𝓽𝔂 𝓸𝓯 𝓱𝓪𝓿𝓲𝓷𝓰 𝓼𝓽𝓻𝓸𝓷𝓰 𝓶𝓸𝓻𝓪𝓵 𝓹𝓻𝓲𝓷𝓬𝓲𝓹𝓵𝓮𝓼; 𝓱𝓸𝓷𝓮𝓼𝓽𝔂 𝓪𝓷𝓭 𝓭𝓮𝓬𝓮𝓷𝓬y
◉𝓟𝓻𝓸𝓫𝓲𝓽𝔂 𝓵𝓲𝓽𝓮𝓻𝓪𝓵𝓵𝔂 𝓶𝓮𝓪𝓷𝓼 𝓪 𝓬𝓸𝓶𝓹𝓵𝓮𝓽𝓮 𝓪𝓷𝓭 𝓬𝓸𝓷𝓯𝓲𝓻𝓶𝓮𝓭 𝓲𝓷𝓽𝓮𝓰𝓻𝓲𝓽𝔂; 𝓱𝓪𝓿𝓲𝓷𝓰 𝓼𝓽𝓻𝓸𝓷𝓰 𝓶𝓸𝓻𝓪𝓵 𝓹𝓻𝓲𝓷𝓬𝓲𝓹𝓵𝓮𝓼

➜Probity is the act of strict adherence to the highest principles and ideals (integrity, good character, honesty, decency) rather than avoiding corrupt or dishonest conduct.

2) 𝐑𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:-
🌸सूचना का अधिकार

➜The Right to Information (RTI) is an act of the Parliament of India which sets out the rules and procedures regarding citizens' right to information.
➜The right to information is a fundamental right under Article 19 (1) of the Indian Constitution.
➜In 1976, in the Raj Narain vs the State of Uttar Pradesh case, the Supreme Court ruled that Right to information will be treated as a fundamental right under article 19.

#EthicsKeywords

3) 𝐂𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐬:-
🌸आचार संहिता

➜Code of ethics is a set of principles which influence the judgement.
➜Code of ethics is a set of Principles based on values and morals by which a company makes decisions about what is right and wrong.
◉ explains how decisions are made.
◉Focuses on values
◉Has a narrow scope
◉Publicly discloses

4) 𝐂𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 :-
🌸आचार नियमावली, आचरण संहिता

➜Code of conduct is a set of rules and regulations that explain appropriate behavior in specific situations.
◉Dictates how employees must act
◉Focuses on rules and compliance
◉Has a broader scope
◉Usually only accessible to employees.

#EthicsKeywords

5) 𝐂𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐧’𝐬 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬:-
🌸नागरिक घोषणा-पत्र

➜The citizen’s charter is a document that outlines the service commitment of organizations or service providers towards providing quality, high-standard services, including mechanisms for grievance redressal.
➜A Citizens Charter is a public statement that defines the entitlements of citizens to a specific service, the standards of the service, the conditions to be met by users, and the remedies available to the latter in case of non-compliance of standards
➜In other words, the citizens charter seeks to make an organization transparent , accountable and citizen friendly

6) 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞:-
🌸कार्य संस्कृति

➜Work culture is regarded as a set of practices, values and shared beliefs within an organisation and its employees that arise from what is generally regarded as appropriate ways to think and act.

#EthicsKeywords

7) 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲:-
🌸सेवा वितरण की गुणवत्ता

➜Service delivery in public administration involves engagement of civil servants with citizens, residents or any such stakeholder as a service provider.
➜Quality service delivery ensures the commitment of public organisations or public service providers to provide quality, high-standard services, including mechanisms for grievance redressal.

8) 𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 :-
🌸अनैतिक अथवा अनुचित व्यवहार अथवा गतिविधियाँ; भ्रष्‍टाचार

➡️𝓭𝓲𝓼𝓱𝓸𝓷𝓮𝓼𝓽 𝓸𝓻 𝓲𝓶𝓶𝓸𝓻𝓪𝓵 𝓫𝓮𝓱𝓪𝓿𝓲𝓸𝓾𝓻 𝓸𝓻 𝓪𝓬𝓽𝓲𝓿𝓲𝓽𝓲𝓮𝓼

➜Transparency International (TI) defines corruption as “the abuse of entrusted power for private gain or specific group interest”.
➜Corruption is an act of misuse,
manhandling and abuse of power for self interest.