##KALINGA FROG |
##UPSC PRELIMS/ MAINS - 2022
HEADLINES:
Kalinga frog in Western Ghats shows physical differences from Eastern Ghats counterpart
WHY IN NEWS:
Scientists claim the morphological phenotypic plasticity found in the Kalinga cricket frog is first such in India
ISSUE:
Indian scientists have reported a first-of-its-kind discovery of morphological phenotypic plasticity (MPP) in the Kalinga cricket frog.
KALINGA FROG‘LARGEST SPECIES’
The Kalinga cricket frog is one of the largest of its group and grows up to 6.5 cm,whereas the other has an average size of 2 cm.
Cricket frogs are indicators of healthy ecosystem and live in wide habitat ranges in agricultural fields, streams, swamps and wetlands.
Kalinga frog is a semi-aquatic frog that actively breeds in the monsoon.
HABITAT
It was thought to be endemic to the hill ranges of the Eastern Ghats.
In the Eastern Ghats, the species is found on the higher-elevation hill ranges of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
It also indicated the frog species being endemic to the Eastern Ghats.
The frog from the Eastern Ghats is phenotypically different when compared with the population in Eastern Ghats.
DNA ANALYSIS
Frogs are known to exhibit varied reproductive behaviours by adopting different modes and strategies for successful survival.
The behavioural studies of many anuran (frog or toad) species let us study about breeding sites, courtship patterns and ecological adaptations.
It was only genetic analysis that helped prove that physically different-looking frogs were the same.
GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES
The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats are the two different biogeographic zones, with unique histories.
While the Western Ghats are considered as a biodiversity hotspot, eastern its counterpart is not.
Geologically, the Western Ghats are ancient, having Gondwanaland relict forests in the south, while the formation of the Eastern Ghats is recent.
Both landscapes have unique ecosystems, with special microclimates and microhabitats .
MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
Any classical taxonomist would consider these two populations as two different species on the basis of morphological characters alone ! -Researchers .
Colour variations across the different populations of the same species were quite common.
Morphometric differences show up in terms of head shape and size.
The number and size of the fingers vary from two to four, which are comparatively larger.
The toe sizes were observed to be smaller in the frog species found in the Western Ghats.
##UPSC PRELIMS/ MAINS - 2022
HEADLINES:
Kalinga frog in Western Ghats shows physical differences from Eastern Ghats counterpart
WHY IN NEWS:
Scientists claim the morphological phenotypic plasticity found in the Kalinga cricket frog is first such in India
ISSUE:
Indian scientists have reported a first-of-its-kind discovery of morphological phenotypic plasticity (MPP) in the Kalinga cricket frog.
KALINGA FROG‘LARGEST SPECIES’
The Kalinga cricket frog is one of the largest of its group and grows up to 6.5 cm,whereas the other has an average size of 2 cm.
Cricket frogs are indicators of healthy ecosystem and live in wide habitat ranges in agricultural fields, streams, swamps and wetlands.
Kalinga frog is a semi-aquatic frog that actively breeds in the monsoon.
HABITAT
It was thought to be endemic to the hill ranges of the Eastern Ghats.
In the Eastern Ghats, the species is found on the higher-elevation hill ranges of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
It also indicated the frog species being endemic to the Eastern Ghats.
The frog from the Eastern Ghats is phenotypically different when compared with the population in Eastern Ghats.
DNA ANALYSIS
Frogs are known to exhibit varied reproductive behaviours by adopting different modes and strategies for successful survival.
The behavioural studies of many anuran (frog or toad) species let us study about breeding sites, courtship patterns and ecological adaptations.
It was only genetic analysis that helped prove that physically different-looking frogs were the same.
GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES
The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats are the two different biogeographic zones, with unique histories.
While the Western Ghats are considered as a biodiversity hotspot, eastern its counterpart is not.
Geologically, the Western Ghats are ancient, having Gondwanaland relict forests in the south, while the formation of the Eastern Ghats is recent.
Both landscapes have unique ecosystems, with special microclimates and microhabitats .
MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
Any classical taxonomist would consider these two populations as two different species on the basis of morphological characters alone ! -Researchers .
Colour variations across the different populations of the same species were quite common.
Morphometric differences show up in terms of head shape and size.
The number and size of the fingers vary from two to four, which are comparatively larger.
The toe sizes were observed to be smaller in the frog species found in the Western Ghats.
##KALANAMAK RICE
## CSE PRELIMS-2022
Kalanamak is one of the finest quality scented rices of Nepal and India .
This variety has been in cultivation since the Buddhist period (600 BC). It is quite popular in Himalayan Tarai of Nepal i.e., Kapilvastu, and eastern Uttar Pradesh of India, and is also known as the scented black pearl of Uttar Pradesh.
It was also featured in the book 'Speciality rices of the world' by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
The black husk of Kalanamk rice grain.
Kalanamak was grown widely in Tarai belt of Uttar Pradesh, which comprised districts Siddharth Nagar, Sant Kabir Nagar, Maharajganj, Basti, Gonda, and Gorakhpur.
Until 30 years ago, the variety covered more than 10% of total rice cultivation area in Siddharthanagar. However, acreage growing this variety in this district declined to <0.5% of total rice area during 2002.
## CSE PRELIMS-2022
Kalanamak is one of the finest quality scented rices of Nepal and India .
This variety has been in cultivation since the Buddhist period (600 BC). It is quite popular in Himalayan Tarai of Nepal i.e., Kapilvastu, and eastern Uttar Pradesh of India, and is also known as the scented black pearl of Uttar Pradesh.
It was also featured in the book 'Speciality rices of the world' by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
The black husk of Kalanamk rice grain.
Kalanamak was grown widely in Tarai belt of Uttar Pradesh, which comprised districts Siddharth Nagar, Sant Kabir Nagar, Maharajganj, Basti, Gonda, and Gorakhpur.
Until 30 years ago, the variety covered more than 10% of total rice cultivation area in Siddharthanagar. However, acreage growing this variety in this district declined to <0.5% of total rice area during 2002.
Forwarded from DREAMS CORE IAS STUDY CHANNEL
##MAITRI SETU ( FENI BRIDGE )
##CSE PRELIMS-2022
#The bridge 'Maitri Setu' has been built over Feni river which flows between Indian boundary in Tripura State and Bangladesh. The 1.9 Km long bridge joins Sabroom in India with Ramgarh in Bangladesh. It is poised to herald a new chapter for trade and people to people movement between India and Bangladesh.
#Maitri Setu: 1.9km Long Bridge Over Feni River in Tripura ( INDIA ) To BANGLADESH.
# India and Bangladesh inaugurated a bridge over the river Feni connecting Tripura to Bangladesh even as a new World Bank study said transport connectivity between the two South Asian neighbours would increase national income by as much as 17% in Bangladesh and 8% in India.
#Maitri Setu
Maitri Setu( মৈত্রী সেতু ) (मैत्री सेतु) Total length1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) History Constructed byDineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon Private Limited (DRA Infracon)Construction .
#Feni river location :-
Feni River (Bengali: ফেনী নদী ; ISO: Phēnī Nadī ) is a river in southeastern Bangladesh and Tripura state of India. It is a trans-boundary river with an ongoing dispute about water rights. The Feni River originates in South Tripura district and flows through Sabroom town and then enters Bangladesh.
##CSE PRELIMS-2022
#The bridge 'Maitri Setu' has been built over Feni river which flows between Indian boundary in Tripura State and Bangladesh. The 1.9 Km long bridge joins Sabroom in India with Ramgarh in Bangladesh. It is poised to herald a new chapter for trade and people to people movement between India and Bangladesh.
#Maitri Setu: 1.9km Long Bridge Over Feni River in Tripura ( INDIA ) To BANGLADESH.
# India and Bangladesh inaugurated a bridge over the river Feni connecting Tripura to Bangladesh even as a new World Bank study said transport connectivity between the two South Asian neighbours would increase national income by as much as 17% in Bangladesh and 8% in India.
#Maitri Setu
Maitri Setu( মৈত্রী সেতু ) (मैत्री सेतु) Total length1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) History Constructed byDineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon Private Limited (DRA Infracon)Construction .
#Feni river location :-
Feni River (Bengali: ফেনী নদী ; ISO: Phēnī Nadī ) is a river in southeastern Bangladesh and Tripura state of India. It is a trans-boundary river with an ongoing dispute about water rights. The Feni River originates in South Tripura district and flows through Sabroom town and then enters Bangladesh.
Forwarded from DREAMS CORE IAS STUDY CHANNEL
##MEKEDATU PROJECT
##CSE PRELIMS/ MAINS -2022
Recently, the Karnataka government has decided to challenge before the National Green Tribunal (NGT) its decision to appoint a joint committee.
The joint committee is supposed to look into allegations of unauthorised construction activity taking place in Mekedatu, where Karnataka had proposed to construct a dam across the Cauvery.
Mekedatu, meaning goat’s leap, is a deep gorge situated at the confluence of the rivers Cauvery and its tributary Arkavathi.
Mekedatu Project:
The Rs. 9,000 crore project aims to store and supply water for drinking purposes for the Bengaluru city. Around 400 megawatts (MW) of power is also proposed to be generated through the project.
It was first approved by the Karnataka state government in 2017.
It received approval from the erstwhile Ministry of Water Resources for the detailed project report and is awaiting approval from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
The approval from MoEFCC is crucial because 63% of the forest area of the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary will be submerged.
In 2018, Tamil Nadu approached the Supreme Court (SC) against the project even if Karnataka had held that it would not affect the flow of water to Tamil Nadu.
In June 2020, during the Cauvery Water Management Authority’s meeting, Tamil Nadu reiterated its opposition to the project.
Reasons for Opposition by Tamil Nadu:
Tamil Nadu is opposed to any project being proposed in the upper riparian unless it was approved by the SC.
Karnataka has no right to construct any reservoir on an inter-state river without the consent of the lower riparian state i.e. Tamil Nadu in this case.
The project is against the final order of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) in which the SC held that no state can claim exclusive ownership or assert rights to deprive other states of the waters of inter-state rivers.
The CWDT and the SC have found that the existing storage facilities available in the Cauvery basin were adequate for storing and distributing water so Karnataka’s proposal is ex-facie (on the face of it) untenable and should be rejected outright.
It has also held that the reservoir is not just for drinking water alone, but to increase the extent of irrigation, which is in clear violation of the Cauvery Water Disputes Award.
Cauvery River Dispute
River Cauvery (Kaveri):
It is known as ‘Ponni’ in Tamil also known as Ganga of the south, and it is the fourth largest river of southern India.
It is a sacred river of southern India. It rises on Brahmagiri Hill of the Western Ghats in southwestern Karnataka state, flows in a southeasterly direction through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, and descends the Eastern Ghats in a series of great falls and drains into Bay of Bengal through Pondicherry.
Some of its tributaries are Arkavathi, Hemavathi, Lakshmana Theertha, Shimsa, Kabini and Harangi.
The Dispute:
Historical Background:
As the river originates in Karnataka, flows through Tamil Nadu with major tributaries coming from Kerala and drains into Bay of Bengal through Pondicherry the dispute therefore involves 3 states and one Union Territory.
The genesis of the dispute is 150 years old and dates back to the two agreements of arbitration in 1892 and 1924 between the then Madras presidency and Mysore.
It entailed the principle that the upper riparian state must obtain consent of lower riparian state for any construction activity viz. reservoir on the river Cauvery.
##CSE PRELIMS/ MAINS -2022
Recently, the Karnataka government has decided to challenge before the National Green Tribunal (NGT) its decision to appoint a joint committee.
The joint committee is supposed to look into allegations of unauthorised construction activity taking place in Mekedatu, where Karnataka had proposed to construct a dam across the Cauvery.
Mekedatu, meaning goat’s leap, is a deep gorge situated at the confluence of the rivers Cauvery and its tributary Arkavathi.
Mekedatu Project:
The Rs. 9,000 crore project aims to store and supply water for drinking purposes for the Bengaluru city. Around 400 megawatts (MW) of power is also proposed to be generated through the project.
It was first approved by the Karnataka state government in 2017.
It received approval from the erstwhile Ministry of Water Resources for the detailed project report and is awaiting approval from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
The approval from MoEFCC is crucial because 63% of the forest area of the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary will be submerged.
In 2018, Tamil Nadu approached the Supreme Court (SC) against the project even if Karnataka had held that it would not affect the flow of water to Tamil Nadu.
In June 2020, during the Cauvery Water Management Authority’s meeting, Tamil Nadu reiterated its opposition to the project.
Reasons for Opposition by Tamil Nadu:
Tamil Nadu is opposed to any project being proposed in the upper riparian unless it was approved by the SC.
Karnataka has no right to construct any reservoir on an inter-state river without the consent of the lower riparian state i.e. Tamil Nadu in this case.
The project is against the final order of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) in which the SC held that no state can claim exclusive ownership or assert rights to deprive other states of the waters of inter-state rivers.
The CWDT and the SC have found that the existing storage facilities available in the Cauvery basin were adequate for storing and distributing water so Karnataka’s proposal is ex-facie (on the face of it) untenable and should be rejected outright.
It has also held that the reservoir is not just for drinking water alone, but to increase the extent of irrigation, which is in clear violation of the Cauvery Water Disputes Award.
Cauvery River Dispute
River Cauvery (Kaveri):
It is known as ‘Ponni’ in Tamil also known as Ganga of the south, and it is the fourth largest river of southern India.
It is a sacred river of southern India. It rises on Brahmagiri Hill of the Western Ghats in southwestern Karnataka state, flows in a southeasterly direction through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, and descends the Eastern Ghats in a series of great falls and drains into Bay of Bengal through Pondicherry.
Some of its tributaries are Arkavathi, Hemavathi, Lakshmana Theertha, Shimsa, Kabini and Harangi.
The Dispute:
Historical Background:
As the river originates in Karnataka, flows through Tamil Nadu with major tributaries coming from Kerala and drains into Bay of Bengal through Pondicherry the dispute therefore involves 3 states and one Union Territory.
The genesis of the dispute is 150 years old and dates back to the two agreements of arbitration in 1892 and 1924 between the then Madras presidency and Mysore.
It entailed the principle that the upper riparian state must obtain consent of lower riparian state for any construction activity viz. reservoir on the river Cauvery.
Forwarded from DREAMS CORE IAS STUDY CHANNEL
Recent Developments:
From 1974, Karnataka started diverting water into its four newly made reservoirs, without the consent of Tamil Nadu resulting in a dispute.
To resolve the matter, the CWDT was established in 1990 which took 17 years to arrive at the final order (2007) on how Cauvery water should be shared between the 4 riparian states in normal rainfall conditions.
In distress years, a pro-rata basis shall be used, it instructed. The government again took 6 year and notified the order in 2013.
This was challenged in SC which directed Karnataka to release 12000 cusecs of water to Tamil Nadu prompting protests in the State.
The final verdict of the SC came in 2018 where it declared the Cauvery a national asset and largely upheld the water-sharing arrangements finalised by the CWDT and also reduced the allocation of water from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu.
As per the SC, Karnataka would get 284.75 thousand million cubic feet (tmcft), Tamil Nadu 404.25 tmcft, Kerala 30 tmcft and Puducherry 7 tmcft.
It also directed the Centre to notify the Cauvery Management Scheme. The central government notified the ‘Cauvery Water Management Scheme’ in June 2018, constituting the ‘Cauvery Water Management Authority’ and the ‘Cauvery Water Regulation Committee’.
Way Forward
The states need to shed the regional approach as the solution lies in cooperation and coordination, not in conflict. The planning must be done at the basin level to make the solution sustainable and ecologically viable.
In the long term, there is a need to recharge the river through afforestation, river linking, etc and increased focus is needed on increasing water use efficiency viz. micro irrigation, awareness in people to prudently use water and water smart strategies.
From 1974, Karnataka started diverting water into its four newly made reservoirs, without the consent of Tamil Nadu resulting in a dispute.
To resolve the matter, the CWDT was established in 1990 which took 17 years to arrive at the final order (2007) on how Cauvery water should be shared between the 4 riparian states in normal rainfall conditions.
In distress years, a pro-rata basis shall be used, it instructed. The government again took 6 year and notified the order in 2013.
This was challenged in SC which directed Karnataka to release 12000 cusecs of water to Tamil Nadu prompting protests in the State.
The final verdict of the SC came in 2018 where it declared the Cauvery a national asset and largely upheld the water-sharing arrangements finalised by the CWDT and also reduced the allocation of water from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu.
As per the SC, Karnataka would get 284.75 thousand million cubic feet (tmcft), Tamil Nadu 404.25 tmcft, Kerala 30 tmcft and Puducherry 7 tmcft.
It also directed the Centre to notify the Cauvery Management Scheme. The central government notified the ‘Cauvery Water Management Scheme’ in June 2018, constituting the ‘Cauvery Water Management Authority’ and the ‘Cauvery Water Regulation Committee’.
Way Forward
The states need to shed the regional approach as the solution lies in cooperation and coordination, not in conflict. The planning must be done at the basin level to make the solution sustainable and ecologically viable.
In the long term, there is a need to recharge the river through afforestation, river linking, etc and increased focus is needed on increasing water use efficiency viz. micro irrigation, awareness in people to prudently use water and water smart strategies.
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✍✍2. COURSE IS COVERED WITH READY MADE STUDY MATERIALS ONLY .
✍✍3. NO ANSWER WRITING AND CLASS LECTURES ARE AVAILABLE IN COURSE .
✍✍4. IT IS A COMPLETE ( FULL LENGTH STUDY MATERIALS) COURSE
Many students are usually used to waste their 75% time in their serious preparations for notes collecting and study materials preparations and notes making from vast syllabus of limit less sources of Mains all GS papers, Ethics paper and Essay writing paper including Optional papers and wasting/ losing year to years for non availability of ready made study MATERIALS and ultimately becoming failures to reach the dreaming goal.
So,, our Compilations will surely help them to save their times and will surely provide helpful ( ready made ) study materials for UPSC ( CSE ) mains to score / obtain a best competitive Mark's in exam.
✍✍CONTACT WITH @DREAMSCOREIASA
FOR MORE DETAILS ✍✍
✍✍1. STUDY MATERIALS ARE READILY AVAILABLE ONLY IN ENGLISH VERSION .
✍✍2. COURSE IS COVERED WITH READY MADE STUDY MATERIALS ONLY .
✍✍3. NO ANSWER WRITING AND CLASS LECTURES ARE AVAILABLE IN COURSE .
✍✍4. IT IS A COMPLETE ( FULL LENGTH STUDY MATERIALS) COURSE
Many students are usually used to waste their 75% time in their serious preparations for notes collecting and study materials preparations and notes making from vast syllabus of limit less sources of Mains all GS papers, Ethics paper and Essay writing paper including Optional papers and wasting/ losing year to years for non availability of ready made study MATERIALS and ultimately becoming failures to reach the dreaming goal.
So,, our Compilations will surely help them to save their times and will surely provide helpful ( ready made ) study materials for UPSC ( CSE ) mains to score / obtain a best competitive Mark's in exam.
✍✍CONTACT WITH @DREAMSCOREIASA
FOR MORE DETAILS ✍✍
THARU TRIBES
The Uttar Pradesh (UP) government is working to connect Tharu villages in the districts of Balrampur, Bahraich, Lakhimpur and Pilibhit bordering Nepal, with the home stay scheme of the UP Forest Department.
The idea is to offer tourists an experience of living in the natural Tharu habitat, in traditional huts made of grass collected mainly from the forests.
This is expected to create jobs and bring economic independence for the tribal population.
Meaning of ‘Tharu’: The word tharu is believed to be derived from sthavir, meaning followers of Theravada Buddhism.
Habitat: The Tharu community belongs to the Terai lowlands, amid the Shivaliks or lower Himalayas.
Terai is a region of northern India and southern Nepal running parallel to the lower ranges of the Himalayas.
The Tharus live in both India and Nepal. In the Indian terai, they live mostly in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.
Scheduled Tribe: Tharu is a scheduled tribe in the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Occupation: Most of them are forest dwellers, and some practice agriculture.
Culture:
They speak various dialects of Tharu, a language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup, and variants of Hindi, Urdu, and Awadhi.
Tharus worship Lord Shiva as Mahadev, and call their supreme being “Narayan”, who they believe is the provider of sunshine, rain, and harvests.
Tharu women have stronger property rights than is allowed to women in mainstream North Indian Hindu custom.
Standard items on the Tharu plate are bagiya or dhikri – which is a steamed dish of rice flour that is eaten with chutney or curry – and ghonghi, an edible snail that is cooked in a curry made of coriander, chili, garlic, and onion.
Theravada Buddhism
It is strongest in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. It is sometimes called 'Southern Buddhism'.
The name means 'the doctrine of the elders' - the elders being the senior Buddhist monks.
This school of Buddhism believes that it has remained closest to the original teachings of the Buddha. However, it does not over-emphasise the status of these teachings in a fundamentalist way - they are seen as tools to help people understand the truth, and not as having merit of their own.
It emphasises attaining self-liberation through one's own efforts. The follower is expected to "abstain from all kinds of evil, to accumulate all that is good and to purify their mind".
The ideal of Theravada Buddhism is the arhat, or perfected saint, who attains enlightenment as a result of his own efforts.
Meditation is one of the main tools by which a Theravada Buddhist transforms themselves, and so a monk spends a great deal of time in meditation.
Scheduled Tribe
Article 366 (25) of the Constitution refers to Scheduled Tribes as those communities, who are scheduled in accordance with Article 342 of the Constitution.
Article 342 says that only those communities who have been declared as such by the President through an initial public notification or through a subsequent amending Act of Parliament will be considered to be Scheduled Tribes.
The list of Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.
The Constitution is silent about the criteria for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe. Primitiveness, geographical isolation, shyness and social, educational & economic backwardness are the traits that distinguish Scheduled Tribe communities from other communities.
There are certain Scheduled Tribes, 75 in number known as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), who are characterised by:- a) pre-agriculture level of technology; b) stagnant or declining population; c) extremely low literacy; and d) subsistence level of economy.
The Uttar Pradesh (UP) government is working to connect Tharu villages in the districts of Balrampur, Bahraich, Lakhimpur and Pilibhit bordering Nepal, with the home stay scheme of the UP Forest Department.
The idea is to offer tourists an experience of living in the natural Tharu habitat, in traditional huts made of grass collected mainly from the forests.
This is expected to create jobs and bring economic independence for the tribal population.
Meaning of ‘Tharu’: The word tharu is believed to be derived from sthavir, meaning followers of Theravada Buddhism.
Habitat: The Tharu community belongs to the Terai lowlands, amid the Shivaliks or lower Himalayas.
Terai is a region of northern India and southern Nepal running parallel to the lower ranges of the Himalayas.
The Tharus live in both India and Nepal. In the Indian terai, they live mostly in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.
Scheduled Tribe: Tharu is a scheduled tribe in the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Occupation: Most of them are forest dwellers, and some practice agriculture.
Culture:
They speak various dialects of Tharu, a language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup, and variants of Hindi, Urdu, and Awadhi.
Tharus worship Lord Shiva as Mahadev, and call their supreme being “Narayan”, who they believe is the provider of sunshine, rain, and harvests.
Tharu women have stronger property rights than is allowed to women in mainstream North Indian Hindu custom.
Standard items on the Tharu plate are bagiya or dhikri – which is a steamed dish of rice flour that is eaten with chutney or curry – and ghonghi, an edible snail that is cooked in a curry made of coriander, chili, garlic, and onion.
Theravada Buddhism
It is strongest in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. It is sometimes called 'Southern Buddhism'.
The name means 'the doctrine of the elders' - the elders being the senior Buddhist monks.
This school of Buddhism believes that it has remained closest to the original teachings of the Buddha. However, it does not over-emphasise the status of these teachings in a fundamentalist way - they are seen as tools to help people understand the truth, and not as having merit of their own.
It emphasises attaining self-liberation through one's own efforts. The follower is expected to "abstain from all kinds of evil, to accumulate all that is good and to purify their mind".
The ideal of Theravada Buddhism is the arhat, or perfected saint, who attains enlightenment as a result of his own efforts.
Meditation is one of the main tools by which a Theravada Buddhist transforms themselves, and so a monk spends a great deal of time in meditation.
Scheduled Tribe
Article 366 (25) of the Constitution refers to Scheduled Tribes as those communities, who are scheduled in accordance with Article 342 of the Constitution.
Article 342 says that only those communities who have been declared as such by the President through an initial public notification or through a subsequent amending Act of Parliament will be considered to be Scheduled Tribes.
The list of Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.
The Constitution is silent about the criteria for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe. Primitiveness, geographical isolation, shyness and social, educational & economic backwardness are the traits that distinguish Scheduled Tribe communities from other communities.
There are certain Scheduled Tribes, 75 in number known as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), who are characterised by:- a) pre-agriculture level of technology; b) stagnant or declining population; c) extremely low literacy; and d) subsistence level of economy.
Government Initiatives: The Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA); The Provision of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996; Minor Forest Produce Act 2005; SC And ST (Prevention Of Atrocities) Act; and the Tribal Sub-Plan Strategy are focused on the socio-economic empowerment of STs.
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✍2. GS PAPER- 2
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✍4. ETHICS
✍5. ESSAY WRITING
✍✍INCLUDING GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, ECONOMICS, POLITY , IR, INTERNAL SECURITY, S&T....COMPLETE STUDY MATERIALS IN ENGLISH
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CONTACT WITH @DREAMSCOREIASA
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💐💐GOOD NEWS 💐💐
COMPLTE STUDY MATERIALS FOR UPSC ( CSE ) MAIN EXAMINATION 2022- 2023/2024/2025 FOR ALL GS PAPERS INCLUDING ESSAY WRITING AND ETHICS ARE READILY AVAILABLE .
CONTACT :-
@DREAMSCOREIASA
👆👆FOR MORE DETAILS INFORMATION.
COMPLTE STUDY MATERIALS FOR UPSC ( CSE ) MAIN EXAMINATION 2022- 2023/2024/2025 FOR ALL GS PAPERS INCLUDING ESSAY WRITING AND ETHICS ARE READILY AVAILABLE .
CONTACT :-
@DREAMSCOREIASA
👆👆FOR MORE DETAILS INFORMATION.
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