Forwarded from DREAMS CORE IAS STUDY CHANNEL
##THE SUNGA ART
## CSE PRLIMS/ MAINS 2022
#The Sunga art of Mathura, best expressed in its sculptures, belong to the pure old tradition of Bharhut and Sanchi. By the time of the Sungas and the Saka-Ksatrapas, Mathura was already famous as an art centre.
#During this age, the so-called 'God made' Vodra Stupa of Jainas was standing in its full glory on the present Kankali Tils.
#Colossal figures of Boddhisattavas, Amohini stone, railing pillars, lion capital and a few architectural fragments are some of the acquisitions of this period. A few of the sculptures portray Jataka tales.
#Some of the important features of Sunga art of Mathura are as follows:
1. The sculpture is not in bold relief.
2. Both the male and female figures are adorned with a large number of ornaments.
3. Drapery is somewhat heavy and not light as is the case with the sculptures of later periods.
4. No efforts seem to have been made for expressing emotions and abstract feelings like peace, serenity, temptation, surprise, sobriety etc.
5. Normally, the eyeballs are conspicuous by their absence.
6. Female figures are seen decorating their headgears with wreaths and garlands, beads and pieces of costly cloth.
7. The males appear with a special type of fluffy turbans generally decorated with a crest above. A lock of hair frequently appears out of the turban.
8. Absence of the figure of Gautama Buddha is most noteworthy in Sunga art.
#Lord has been represented here by different symbols, such as Stupa, three-thronged symbol (Triratna), diamond throne (Vajrasana), turban (Usnisa), begging bowl (Bhiskhsha Patra), the sacred tree (Bodhi tree), wheel of Law (Dharma Chakra) and others.
#The sculptures of the Sunga period hailing from Mathura indicate that along with others, images of Vaishnava and Shaiva sects were also coming into vogue.
#In this connection, images of Balaram, Shivalinga etc have been found.
#Some Sunga works show the influence of floral scroll patterns and Hellenistic elements as far as rendering of the fold of dresses are concerned.
#Sunga art reflects more of the mind, culture, tradition and ideology.
#During Sunga period, stone replaced wood in the railings and the gateways of the Buddhist stupas.
#Bharhut stupa is filled with sculptures - apart from floral designs, animal, figures, Yakshas and human figures.
#This period witnessed the increasing use of symbols and human figures in architecture.
#There was an increase in the construction of rock-cut temple for example the Chaitya Hall.
## CSE PRLIMS/ MAINS 2022
#The Sunga art of Mathura, best expressed in its sculptures, belong to the pure old tradition of Bharhut and Sanchi. By the time of the Sungas and the Saka-Ksatrapas, Mathura was already famous as an art centre.
#During this age, the so-called 'God made' Vodra Stupa of Jainas was standing in its full glory on the present Kankali Tils.
#Colossal figures of Boddhisattavas, Amohini stone, railing pillars, lion capital and a few architectural fragments are some of the acquisitions of this period. A few of the sculptures portray Jataka tales.
#Some of the important features of Sunga art of Mathura are as follows:
1. The sculpture is not in bold relief.
2. Both the male and female figures are adorned with a large number of ornaments.
3. Drapery is somewhat heavy and not light as is the case with the sculptures of later periods.
4. No efforts seem to have been made for expressing emotions and abstract feelings like peace, serenity, temptation, surprise, sobriety etc.
5. Normally, the eyeballs are conspicuous by their absence.
6. Female figures are seen decorating their headgears with wreaths and garlands, beads and pieces of costly cloth.
7. The males appear with a special type of fluffy turbans generally decorated with a crest above. A lock of hair frequently appears out of the turban.
8. Absence of the figure of Gautama Buddha is most noteworthy in Sunga art.
#Lord has been represented here by different symbols, such as Stupa, three-thronged symbol (Triratna), diamond throne (Vajrasana), turban (Usnisa), begging bowl (Bhiskhsha Patra), the sacred tree (Bodhi tree), wheel of Law (Dharma Chakra) and others.
#The sculptures of the Sunga period hailing from Mathura indicate that along with others, images of Vaishnava and Shaiva sects were also coming into vogue.
#In this connection, images of Balaram, Shivalinga etc have been found.
#Some Sunga works show the influence of floral scroll patterns and Hellenistic elements as far as rendering of the fold of dresses are concerned.
#Sunga art reflects more of the mind, culture, tradition and ideology.
#During Sunga period, stone replaced wood in the railings and the gateways of the Buddhist stupas.
#Bharhut stupa is filled with sculptures - apart from floral designs, animal, figures, Yakshas and human figures.
#This period witnessed the increasing use of symbols and human figures in architecture.
#There was an increase in the construction of rock-cut temple for example the Chaitya Hall.
Forwarded from DREAMS CORE IAS STUDY CHANNEL
👆GREEN MARKS ON WORLD MAP 👆
##MALI--REPUBLIC OF MALI
##CSE PRELIMS-2022
#Mali, officially the Republic of Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa.
#Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,240,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi).
#The population of Mali is 19.1 million. 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017.
#Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert.
#The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through.
#The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the African continent. It also exports salt.
##MALI--REPUBLIC OF MALI
##CSE PRELIMS-2022
#Mali, officially the Republic of Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa.
#Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,240,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi).
#The population of Mali is 19.1 million. 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017.
#Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert.
#The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through.
#The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the African continent. It also exports salt.
Forwarded from DREAMS CORE IAS STUDY CHANNEL
##MAITRI SETU ( FENI BRIDGE )
##CSE PRELIMS-2022
#The bridge 'Maitri Setu' has been built over Feni river which flows between Indian boundary in Tripura State and Bangladesh. The 1.9 Km long bridge joins Sabroom in India with Ramgarh in Bangladesh. It is poised to herald a new chapter for trade and people to people movement between India and Bangladesh.
#Maitri Setu: 1.9km Long Bridge Over Feni River in Tripura ( INDIA ) To BANGLADESH.
# India and Bangladesh inaugurated a bridge over the river Feni connecting Tripura to Bangladesh even as a new World Bank study said transport connectivity between the two South Asian neighbours would increase national income by as much as 17% in Bangladesh and 8% in India.
#Maitri Setu
Maitri Setu( মৈত্রী সেতু ) (मैत्री सेतु) Total length1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) History Constructed byDineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon Private Limited (DRA Infracon)Construction .
#Feni river location :-
Feni River (Bengali: ফেনী নদী ; ISO: Phēnī Nadī ) is a river in southeastern Bangladesh and Tripura state of India. It is a trans-boundary river with an ongoing dispute about water rights. The Feni River originates in South Tripura district and flows through Sabroom town and then enters Bangladesh.
##CSE PRELIMS-2022
#The bridge 'Maitri Setu' has been built over Feni river which flows between Indian boundary in Tripura State and Bangladesh. The 1.9 Km long bridge joins Sabroom in India with Ramgarh in Bangladesh. It is poised to herald a new chapter for trade and people to people movement between India and Bangladesh.
#Maitri Setu: 1.9km Long Bridge Over Feni River in Tripura ( INDIA ) To BANGLADESH.
# India and Bangladesh inaugurated a bridge over the river Feni connecting Tripura to Bangladesh even as a new World Bank study said transport connectivity between the two South Asian neighbours would increase national income by as much as 17% in Bangladesh and 8% in India.
#Maitri Setu
Maitri Setu( মৈত্রী সেতু ) (मैत्री सेतु) Total length1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) History Constructed byDineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon Private Limited (DRA Infracon)Construction .
#Feni river location :-
Feni River (Bengali: ফেনী নদী ; ISO: Phēnī Nadī ) is a river in southeastern Bangladesh and Tripura state of India. It is a trans-boundary river with an ongoing dispute about water rights. The Feni River originates in South Tripura district and flows through Sabroom town and then enters Bangladesh.