I'm sorry that I didn't engage you guys yesterday on our daily MCQs, I've started my medical Laboratory Exams yesterday


Your prayers are needed, please pray for me to pass 🤲🏼

❤️  Happy Valentine’s Day!

💐  Have a wonderful day, and most importantly, take care and love yourself.

💡  Remember, you have the right to make informed choices about your sexual and reproductive health, including whether or not to have children, how to space pregnancies, and how to prevent unintended pregnancies.

☔  Contraception can be used for both pregnancy prevention and planning, allowing individuals and couples to decide when and if they want to have children.

Most people can use contraceptive methods safely, regardless of age or marital status.

👩🏽‍⚕️  If you have any health issues, a healthcare provider can help you choose the safest and most suitable option.

Emergency contraception, such as the copper IUD and emergency contraception pill, can be used immediately after unprotected intercourse. Make sure to seek a pharmacy or healthcare provider as soon as possible within 72 hours.

Highly effective contraceptive methods include:

➡️ Implants
➡️ IUDs

🛡️ Condoms (male and female) are the ONLY contraceptive methods that provide protection against  both pregnancy and STIs/HIV. Using condoms correctly and consistently along with other methods enhances protection and peace of mind.

Choosing the right contraceptive method depends on your health, lifestyle, and personal preferences. Explore your options and speak to a healthcare provider to find the best fit for you.

Learn more about contraceptive methods here ➡️ https://bit.ly/3COBH4y

Okay✅ Important Full Forms

➖ AF: atrial fibrillation
➖ AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
➖ AKA: alcoholic ketoacidosis
➖ ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
➖ AMI: acute myocardial infarction
➖ ARF: acute renal failure
➖ BP: blood pressure
➖ CABG: coronary artery bypass graft
➖ CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia
➖ CCF: congestive cardiac failure
➖ CF: cystic fibrosis
➖ CHD: coronary heart disease
➖ CNS: central nervous system
➖ COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
➖ CPAP: continuous positive airways pressure
➖ CRF: chronic renal failure
➖ CSF: cerebrospinal fluid
➖ CT: computer mography
➖ CVA: cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
➖ CVD: cardiovascular disease
➖ DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis
➖ DU: duodenal ulcer
➖ DVT: deep vein thrombosis
➖ ECG: electrocardiograph
➖ EEG: electroencephalogram
➖ ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate
➖ ESRD: end-stage renal disease
➖ FPG: fasting plasma glucose
➖ GIT: gastrointestinal tract
➖ GU: gastric ulcer
➖ GvHD: graft versus host disease
➖ HAV: hepatitis A virus
➖ HBV: hepatitis B virus
➖ Hcg: human chorionic gonadotrophin
➖ HCV: hepatitis C virus
➖ HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
➖ HNA: heparin neutralising activity
➖ ICH: intracranial haemorrhage
➖ IDA: iron deficiency anaemia
➖ IDDM: insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus
➖ IFG: impaired fasting glucose
➖ IGT: impaired glucose tolerance
➖ IHD: ischaemic heart disease
➖ Ig: immunoglobulin
➖ IM: intramuscular
➖ INR: international normalized ratio
➖ ITU: intensive therapy unit
➖ IV: intravenous
➖ IVU: intravenous urogram
➖ K+: potassium
➖ kg: kilogram
➖ KUB: kidney, ureter, bladder (x-ray)
➖ LBBB: left bundle branch block
➖ LCM: left costal margin
➖ LFTs: liver function tests
➖ LIF: left iliac fossa
➖ LUQ: left upper quadrant
➖ LVF: left ventricular failure
➖ LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy
➖ MC&S: microscopy, culture & sensitivity
➖ MCH: mean cell haemoglobin
➖ MI: myocardial infarction
➖ Min: minutes
➖ MPD: myeloproliferative disease
➖ MRI: magnetic resonance imaging
➖ MS : multiple sclerosis or mass spectroscopy
➖ Na+: sodium
➖ NaCl: sodium chloride
➖ OA : osteoarthritis
➖ OCP: oral contraceptive pill
➖ PACWP; pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure
➖ PAD: peripheral arterial disease
➖ PaO2: partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
➖ PB: peripheral blood
➖ PBC : primary biliary cirrhosis
➖ PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention
➖ PCL: plasma cell leukaemia
➖ PE: pulmonary embolism
➖ PR: per rectum
➖ PT: prothrombin time
➖ PV: plasma volume
➖ RAS: renal angiotensin system or renal artery stenosis
➖ RBBB: right bundle branch block
➖ RBCs: red blood cells
➖ RCC: red blood cell count
➖ Rh: Rhesus
➖ RIF: right iliac fossa
➖ RUQ: right upper quadrant
➖ SC: subcutaneous
➖ SDH: subdural haemorrhage
➖ SOB: short of breath
➖ SM: smooth muscle
➖ SVC : superior vena cava
➖ SVCO: superior vena caval obstruction
➖ SXR: skull x-ray
➖ T°: temperature
➖ t1/2: half-life
➖ T4: thyroxine
➖ TA: temporal arteritis
➖ TB: tuberculosis
➖ TFT: thyroid function test
➖ TIAs: transient ischaemic attacks
➖ TPO: thyroid peroxidase
➖ TRAB: thyrotropin receptor antibodies
➖ TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone
➖ TT: thrombin time
➖ u/U: units
➖ UC: ulcerative colitis
➖ U&E: urea and electrolytes
➖ UKPDS: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
➖ URTI: upper respiratory tract infection
➖ UTI: urinary tract infection
➖ USS: ultrasound scan
➖ VIII: C factor VIII clotting activity
➖ VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide
➖ Vit K: vitamin K
➖ VSD: ventricular septal defect
➖ WBC: blood count or white blood cells

Types of Viral Hepatitis

Type A Hepatitis (HAV), (infectious hepatitis)

•Is caused by an RNA virus of the enterovirus family.

•It spreads primarily by the fecal-oral route, usually through the ingestion of infected food or liquids.

•It may also spread from person-to-person contact and, rarely, by blood transfusion.

•Type A hepatitis occurs worldwide, especially in areas with overcrowding and poor sanitation.

Type B Hepatitis (HBW), (serum hepatitis)

•Is caused by a double-shelled virus containing DNA.

•It spreads primarily through blood (percutaneous and per mucosal route).

•It can also spread by way of saliva, breastfeeding, or sexual activity (blood, semen, saliva, or vaginal secretions.

•Male homosexuals are at high risk for infection.

•After acute infection, 10% of patients progress on to carrier status or develop chronic hepatitis.

•HBV is the main cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Type C Hepatitis (HCV),( non-A, non-B hepatitis, or posttransfusion hepatitis)

•Formerly called non-A, non-B hepatitis, usually spreads through blood or blood product transfusion, usually from asymptomatic blood donors.

•It may also be transmitted through unsterile piercing or tattooing tools or dyes.

•It commonly affects I.V. drug users and renal dialysis patients and personnel.

•HCV is the most common form of posttransfusion hepatitis.


Type D Hepatitis (HDV),(delta agent hepatitis)

•Also known as Delta hepatitis.

•Is caused by a defective RNA virus that requires the presence of hepatitis B-specifically, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) - to replicate.

•HDV occurs along with HBV or may superinfect a chronic HBV carrier, and cannot outlast a hepatitis B infection.

•It occurs primarily in I.V. drug abusers or those who have had multiple blood transfusions, but the highest incidence is in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and South America.

Type E Hepatitis (HEV), (enterically transmitted or epidemic non-A, non-B)

•Is caused by a nonenveloped, single-strand RNA virus.

•It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route but is hard to detect because it is inconsistently shed in the feces.

•Its occurrence is primarily in India, Africa, Asia, or Central America.

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