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Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs, characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in lung tissue. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide.

Types of Lung Cancer
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC):

Accounts for 85% of cases.
Includes subtypes like adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC):

Represents 15% of cases.
Aggressive and often spreads quickly.
Lung Carcinoid Tumors:

Rare, slow-growing tumors.
Causes and Risk Factors
Smoking:

The leading cause (85% of cases).
Includes exposure to secondhand smoke.
Environmental and Occupational Exposures:

Radon gas, asbestos, air pollution, or industrial chemicals.
Genetics:

Family history of lung cancer increases risk.
Radiation Therapy:

Previous radiation to the chest.
Other Factors:

Chronic lung diseases like COPD or tuberculosis.
Symptoms of Lung Cancer
Persistent cough that worsens over time.
Coughing up blood or rust-colored phlegm.
Shortness of breath.
Chest pain or discomfort.
Unexplained weight loss.
Hoarseness.
Fatigue or weakness.
Recurrent respiratory infections like pneumonia or bronchitis.
Diagnosis
Imaging Tests:

Chest X-ray, CT scans, or PET scans to detect abnormalities.
Biopsy:

Fine needle aspiration, bronchoscopy, or surgical biopsy to confirm cancer.
Laboratory Tests:

Sputum cytology or molecular testing for specific mutations (e.g., EGFR, ALK).
Staging:

Determines the extent of cancer spread (stages I-IV).
Treatment Options
1. Surgery:
Removes cancerous tissue, commonly used in early-stage NSCLC.
2. Radiation Therapy:
Targets and kills cancer cells, often used when surgery is not an option.
3. Chemotherapy:
Systemic treatment to destroy cancer cells, especially for advanced stages or SCLC.
4. Targeted Therapy:
Blocks specific molecules involved in cancer growth.
EGFR inhibitors (e.g., erlotinib).
ALK inhibitors (e.g., crizotinib).
5. Immunotherapy:
Boosts the immune system to fight cancer.
Examples: Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab.
6. Palliative Care:
Focuses on symptom management and quality of life for advanced cases.
Prevention
Quit Smoking:
The most effective way to reduce risk.
Avoid Secondhand Smoke:
Stay away from environments with cigarette smoke.
Test for Radon:
Ensure your home is free of radon gas.
Wear Protective Gear:
Especially in workplaces with hazardous chemicals or asbestos exposure.
Healthy Lifestyle:
Regular exercise and a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
Prognosis
Prognosis depends on the type, stage, and overall health of the patient.
Early detection improves survival rates significantly.
5-year survival rate: 56% for localized NSCLC, but lower for advanced stages.