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Reactive Arthropathy is a type of joint inflammation that occurs as a reaction to an infection elsewhere in the body, typically in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary system. It falls under the broader category of reactive arthritis and is considered a form of spondyloarthritis, a group of inflammatory diseases.
Causes
Triggered by infections such as:
Gastrointestinal infections (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia).
Genitourinary infections (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma).
It is not caused by direct joint infection but by an immune response.
Symptoms
Joint-related:
Pain, swelling, and stiffness, often in the knees, ankles, or feet.
Asymmetric joint involvement.
Enthesitis: Inflammation where tendons or ligaments attach to bones, e.g., Achilles tendon.
Extra-articular symptoms:
Eyes: Conjunctivitis or uveitis.
Skin: Rashes like keratoderma blennorrhagicum.
Genitourinary tract: Dysuria or urethritis.
Risk Factors
Genetic predisposition: Strong association with HLA-B27 gene.
Recent bacterial infection.
Diagnosis
Clinical history of preceding infection.
Physical examination of joint symptoms.
Laboratory tests:
Elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR).
Evidence of triggering infection (e.g., stool culture, PCR for Chlamydia).
Imaging:
X-rays, MRI, or ultrasound may show joint inflammation or damage.
HLA-B27 testing: Useful for confirmation in ambiguous cases.
Treatment
Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen) for pain and inflammation.
Corticosteroids: Intra-articular injections or systemic use for severe cases.
Antibiotics: For underlying infections (not for the joint symptoms directly).
DMARDs (e.g., sulfasalazine or methotrexate): For persistent or severe cases.
Biologics (e.g., TNF inhibitors): Rarely needed, for refractory cases.
Physical therapy: Helps maintain joint function and mobility.
Prognosis
Often resolves within 3–12 months, but some individuals may experience chronic arthritis or recurring episodes.
Prevention
Prompt treatment of triggering infections.
Safe food handling and sexual practices to reduce infection risk.Reactive Arthropathy is a type of joint inflammation that occurs as a reaction to an infection elsewhere in the body, typically in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary system. It falls under the broader category of reactive arthritis and is considered a form of spondyloarthritis, a group of inflammatory diseases.
Causes
Triggered by infections such as:
Gastrointestinal infections (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia).
Genitourinary infections (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma).
It is not caused by direct joint infection but by an immune response.
Symptoms
Joint-related:
Pain, swelling, and stiffness, often in the knees, ankles, or feet.
Asymmetric joint involvement.
Enthesitis: Inflammation where tendons or ligaments attach to bones, e.g., Achilles tendon.
Extra-articular symptoms:
Eyes: Conjunctivitis or uveitis.
Skin: Rashes like keratoderma blennorrhagicum.
Genitourinary tract: Dysuria or urethritis.
Risk Factors
Genetic predisposition: Strong association with HLA-B27 gene.
Recent bacterial infection.
Diagnosis
Clinical history of preceding infection.
Physical examination of joint symptoms.
Laboratory tests:
Elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR).
Evidence of triggering infection (e.g., stool culture, PCR for Chlamydia).
Imaging:
X-rays, MRI, or ultrasound may show joint inflammation or damage.
HLA-B27 testing: Useful for confirmation in ambiguous cases.
Treatment
Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen) for pain and inflammation.
Corticosteroids: Intra-articular injections or systemic use for severe cases.
Antibiotics: For underlying infections (not for the joint symptoms directly).
DMARDs (e.g., sulfasalazine or methotrexate): For persistent or severe cases.

Biologics (e.g., TNF inhibitors): Rarely needed, for refractory cases.
Physical therapy: Helps maintain joint function and mobility.
Prognosis
Often resolves within 3–12 months, but some individuals may experience chronic arthritis or recurring episodes.
Prevention
Prompt treatment of triggering infections.
Safe food handling and sexual practices to reduce infection risk.

urinary output in an adult is:
A. 1200-1500 ml✔️
B. 500-1200 ml
C. 2500-3500 ml
D. 1000-2000 ml

02. The urine volume more than 2000 ml is termed as:
A. Polyuria✔️
B. Oliguria
C. Anuria
D. Nocturia

03. Urine excretion less than 500 ml is known as:
A. Anuria
B. Nocturia
C. Polyuria
D. Oligouria✔️

04. The complete cessation of urine formation is known as:
A. Polyuria
B. Oliguria
C. Anuria✔️
D. Nocturia

05. The condition in which excretion of urine is more than 500 ml with less than 1.018 specific gravity at night is:
A. Polyuria
B. Oliguria
C. Anuria
D. Nocturia✔️

06. The normal specific gravity in random urine is
A. 1.001-1.035✔️
B. 1.205-1.305
C. 1.010-1.015
D. 1.05-1.010

07. Low specific gravity is formed in
A. Hyposthenuric urine✔️
B. Isosthenuric urine
C. Hypersthenuric urine
D. None

08. Urine with fixed specific gravity of about 1.010 known as
A. Hyposthenuric urine
B. Isosthenuric urine✔️
C. Hypersthenuric urine
D. Thenuric urine

09. Which are the methods used to estimate specific gravity in urine?
A. Urinometer
B. Strip method
C. Refractometer method
D. All of the above ✔️

10. Bence Jones proteinare determine by following methods
A. Heat and sulphosalicytic acid
B. Toluenesulfonic acid and electrophoresis
C. Both A and B ✔️
D. None

11. Presence of blood in urine known as
A. Hematuria✔️
B. Blood urea
C. Both A and B
D. None

12. Methods used to detect hematuria are:
A. Opthotoluidine test
B. Benzidine test
C. Paper strip
D. All of the above✔️

13. In which condition, the volume of urine is increased ?
A. Diabetic✔️
B. Polycythemia
C. Anemia
D. Leukemia

14. After passing through renal tubules, the urine is collected in
A. Kidney
B. Urinary bladder✔️
C. Gall bladder
D. Pancreas

15. The pH of freshly passed urine is
A. 6.0✔️
B. 7.0
C. 8.0
D. 9.0

16. Which type of electrolyte is present in urine ?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. All of the above✔️

17. In positive reaction of glucose in urine, the colour of precipitate seen is
A. White
B. Blue
C. Red✔️
D. Black

18. Test strips are used for which type of estimation in urine specimen.
A. Glucose
B. pH
C. Protein
D. All of the above✔️

19. While using strip in urine analysis which are the steps involved ?
A. Dipping strip in urine completely
B. Blotting the strip
C. Read the result at correct time
D. All of the above✔️

20. Calcium discharged by the body is excreted via
A. Stool
B. Urine
C. Both A and B✔️
D. None

21. Urine is a filtrate of which fluid ?
A. Blood✔️
B. CSF
C. Pleural fluid
D. Synovial fluid

22. Which of the following is the route of excretion of waste product
A. Intestine
B. Lungs
C. Skin
D. All of the above✔️

23. Functional unit of kidney is called ?
A. Nephron✔️
B. Pelvis
C. Hepatic cell
D. Capsule

24. What is the odor of normal urine ?
A. Aromatic✔️
B. Dirty
C. Fruity
D. Mousy

25. The color of urine is yellow due to presence of
A. Urochrome
B. Stercobilinogen
C. Bile
D. All of the above✔️

26. The chemical composition of urine depends on the
A. Food and fluid intake✔️
B. Color of the skin
C. Weight of the body
D. All of the above

1. What is the normal range for hemoglobin (Hb) in adult males?
A) 12-16 g/dL
B) *13.5-17.5 g/dL*
C) 14-18 g/dL
D) 15-19 g/dL

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of sickle cell anemia?
A) Abnormal hemoglobin polymerization
B) Increased red blood cell (RBC) deformability
C) Reduced RBC lifespan
D) *All of the above*

3. What is the purpose of the reticulocyte count?
A) To diagnose anemia
B) *To evaluate bone marrow function*
C) To detect blood transfusion reactions
D) To monitor chemotherapy response

1. A patient has a platelet count of 50,000/μL. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) *Thrombocytopenia*
B) Thrombocytosis
C) Leukopenia
D) Leukocytosis

2. Which coagulation factor is deficient in hemophilia A?
A) *Factor VIII*
B) Factor IX
C) Factor XI
D) Factor XII

3. A patient's blood smear shows a high percentage of blasts. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) *Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)*
B) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
C) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
D) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

4. What is the normal range for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?
A) *0-10 mm/h*
B) 0-20 mm/h
C) 0-30 mm/h
D) 0-40 mm/h

5. A patient has a white blood cell (WBC) count of 80,000/μL. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Leukopenia
B) *Leukocytosis*
C) Lymphocytosis
D) Neutrophilia

6. Which of the following is a characteristic of beta-thalassemia major?
A) Increased hemoglobin A2 levels
B) Decreased hemoglobin A2 levels
C) *Increased fetal hemoglobin levels*
D) Decreased fetal hemoglobin levels

7. A patient's blood smear shows a high percentage of eosinophils. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Asthma
B) Allergic rhinitis
C) Parasitic infection
D) *All of the above*

8. What is the purpose of the prothrombin time (PT) test?
A) To evaluate platelet function
B) *To evaluate coagulation factor function*
C) To diagnose bleeding disorders
D) To monitor anticoagulant therapy

9. A patient has a hematocrit (Hct) of 60%. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Anemia
B) *Polycythemia vera*
C) Thalassemia
D) Sickle cell disease

10. Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency anemia?
A) Increased serum iron levels
B) *Decreased serum iron levels*
C) *Increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)*
D) Decreased TIBC

11. A patient's blood smear shows a high percentage of lymphoblasts. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) *Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)*
B) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
C) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
D) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

12. What is the purpose of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) test?
A) To evaluate platelet function
B) *To evaluate coagulation factor function*
C) To diagnose bleeding disorders
D) To monitor anticoagulant therapy

*#Discontinuous #Sinuosoidal capillaries* 🌸

🩸 Characteristics :-
☀️ Capillaries with wide diameter.
☀️ Endothelial cells have big inter endothelial gaps.
☀️ Basement membrane is not effectively present.

What comes to your mind!
✨ This is the most permeable type so through it larger molecules will pass
As we know proteins are large molecules so this type of capillary relates to them.

☀️ Where we can find this type of capillaries:-
1⃣ liver ➡️ site of protein production so for passage of proteins into blood we need sinusoidal cap.
2⃣ Bone Marrow ➡️ site of blood cells production ➡️ cells are large need such capillary to pass into blood.
3⃣ Spleen ➡️ site for RBCs destruction so for RBCs to get there need such cap.
4⃣ Glands producing peptide hormones.
5⃣ lymph nodes ➡️ where WBCs are settled to be mature.

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