Answer: (B)
Statement 1 is correct: BharatNet aims to provide broadband connectivity to all Gram Panchayats (GPs) across India through an Optical Fibre Cable (OFC) network. It seeks to bridge the digital divide between rural and urban areas and enable services such as e-governance, e-education and telemedicine.
Statement 2 is incorrect: BharatNet is implemented under the Ministry of Communications, through the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), and not the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
Statement 3 - correct: The Amended BharatNet Programme (ABP), approved in August 2023, provides for:
○ OFC connectivity to approximately 2.64 lakh Gram Panchayats in a ring topology.
○ OFC connectivity to the remaining non-GP villages on a demand basis.
○ The ring topology improves network reliability by providing alternative routes for data transmission if one link fails.
Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is correct: BharatNet aims to provide broadband connectivity to all Gram Panchayats (GPs) across India through an Optical Fibre Cable (OFC) network. It seeks to bridge the digital divide between rural and urban areas and enable services such as e-governance, e-education and telemedicine.
Statement 2 is incorrect: BharatNet is implemented under the Ministry of Communications, through the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), and not the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
Statement 3 - correct: The Amended BharatNet Programme (ABP), approved in August 2023, provides for:
○ OFC connectivity to approximately 2.64 lakh Gram Panchayats in a ring topology.
○ OFC connectivity to the remaining non-GP villages on a demand basis.
○ The ring topology improves network reliability by providing alternative routes for data transmission if one link fails.
Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
Consider the following assertion:
Geospatial technology plays an important role in disaster management.
Which of the following statements support/supports the above assertion?
1. Satellite imagery can help identify flood-affected areas.
2. GIS can be used to prepare hazard zonation maps.
3. Optical remote sensing satellites provide uninterrupted surface mapping of flood extent beneath dense cloud cover during active monsoons.
4. Remote sensing can assist in monitoring cyclones and forest fires. .
Geospatial technology plays an important role in disaster management.
Which of the following statements support/supports the above assertion?
1. Satellite imagery can help identify flood-affected areas.
2. GIS can be used to prepare hazard zonation maps.
3. Optical remote sensing satellites provide uninterrupted surface mapping of flood extent beneath dense cloud cover during active monsoons.
4. Remote sensing can assist in monitoring cyclones and forest fires. .
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Answer: (C)
Statement 1 is correct: Satellite imagery (both optical and microwave) is widely used to map flood-inundated areas, assess damage, and assist in post-disaster relief operations.
Statement 2 is correct: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) integrate multi-layered spatial data (topography, soil, rainfall, historical events) to prepare hazard zonation maps for landslides, earthquakes, and floods.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Optical remote sensing satellites rely on visible light and cannot penetrate dense cloud cover. During active monsoons, cloud obstruction prevents optical imaging of flood extents; this requires cloud-penetrating microwave (SAR - Synthetic Aperture Radar) remote sensing instead.
Statement 4 is correct: Remote sensing (specifically meteorological and earth observation satellites) is crucial for real-time tracking, forecasting of cyclone paths, and detecting thermal anomalies for early forest fire monitoring.
Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is correct: Satellite imagery (both optical and microwave) is widely used to map flood-inundated areas, assess damage, and assist in post-disaster relief operations.
Statement 2 is correct: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) integrate multi-layered spatial data (topography, soil, rainfall, historical events) to prepare hazard zonation maps for landslides, earthquakes, and floods.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Optical remote sensing satellites rely on visible light and cannot penetrate dense cloud cover. During active monsoons, cloud obstruction prevents optical imaging of flood extents; this requires cloud-penetrating microwave (SAR - Synthetic Aperture Radar) remote sensing instead.
Statement 4 is correct: Remote sensing (specifically meteorological and earth observation satellites) is crucial for real-time tracking, forecasting of cyclone paths, and detecting thermal anomalies for early forest fire monitoring.
Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
The Ministry of Labour and Employment notified the constitution of the National Social Security Board for Unorganised Workers on 30 October 2026, under the Code on Social Security, 2020.
Important for UPSC: Indian Economy → Social Security → Unorganised Workers → Labour Welfare → Code on Social Security, 2020 → Gig & Platform Workers.
Important for UPSC: Indian Economy → Social Security → Unorganised Workers → Labour Welfare → Code on Social Security, 2020 → Gig & Platform Workers.
Consider the following countries:
1. Colombia
2. Brazil
3. Guyana
4. Ecuador
1. Colombia
2. Brazil
3. Guyana
4. Ecuador
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Answer: (A)
Venezuela shares land boundaries with three South American countries:
1. Colombia to the west and southwest
2. Brazil to the south
3. Guyana to the east
Ecuador does not share a land border with Venezuela; they are separated by Colombia
Therefore, option A is the correct answer
Venezuela shares land boundaries with three South American countries:
1. Colombia to the west and southwest
2. Brazil to the south
3. Guyana to the east
Ecuador does not share a land border with Venezuela; they are separated by Colombia
Therefore, option A is the correct answer
Consider the following statements regarding the NVS-03 satellite:
1. It provides both an unencrypted Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for civilian use and an encrypted Restricted Service (RS) for strategic operations.
2. It incorporates the L1 frequency band to ensure direct signal compatibility with standard civilian smartphones and wearables.
3. It carries an indigenously developed Rubidium atomic clock for high-precision position, navigation, and timing calculations.
1. It provides both an unencrypted Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for civilian use and an encrypted Restricted Service (RS) for strategic operations.
2. It incorporates the L1 frequency band to ensure direct signal compatibility with standard civilian smartphones and wearables.
3. It carries an indigenously developed Rubidium atomic clock for high-precision position, navigation, and timing calculations.
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Answer: (D)
Statement 1 is correct: NVS-03 supports NavIC's dual-tier service architecture the open Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for commercial/civilian use and the encrypted Restricted Service (RS) for defense and security agencies.
Statement 2 is correct: Unlike legacy satellites limited to L5 and S bands, NVS-03 includes the L1 band (1575.42 MHz), enabling direct integration into low-power consumer electronics and mobile chipsets.
Statement 3 is correct: It features a space-grade indigenous Rubidium atomic clock developed by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC), eliminating critical dependence on imported timing hardware.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer
Statement 1 is correct: NVS-03 supports NavIC's dual-tier service architecture the open Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for commercial/civilian use and the encrypted Restricted Service (RS) for defense and security agencies.
Statement 2 is correct: Unlike legacy satellites limited to L5 and S bands, NVS-03 includes the L1 band (1575.42 MHz), enabling direct integration into low-power consumer electronics and mobile chipsets.
Statement 3 is correct: It features a space-grade indigenous Rubidium atomic clock developed by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC), eliminating critical dependence on imported timing hardware.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer
Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): An individual infected with the Bundibugyo virus can transmit the infection to others during the incubation period, even before the appearance of symptoms.
Reason (R): The virus spreads through direct contact with the blood or other bodily fluids of infected individuals and contaminated materials, but infected individuals are not considered infectious before the onset of symptoms.
Assertion (A): An individual infected with the Bundibugyo virus can transmit the infection to others during the incubation period, even before the appearance of symptoms.
Reason (R): The virus spreads through direct contact with the blood or other bodily fluids of infected individuals and contaminated materials, but infected individuals are not considered infectious before the onset of symptoms.
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Answer: (D)
Assertion (A) is incorrect: The incubation period of Bundibugyo Virus Disease (BVD) ranges from 2 to 21 days.
○ Infected individuals are not considered infectious before the appearance of symptoms.
○ Therefore, transmission during the incubation period, as stated in the assertion, is incorrect.
Reason (R) is correct: Bundibugyo virus spreads through direct contact, through broken skin or mucous membranes, with the blood or other bodily fluids of infected individuals.
○ Transmission can also occur through contact with contaminated materials such as clothing, bedding and other surfaces.
○ Infected individuals become infectious only after the onset of symptoms. Transmission risk generally increases as the disease progresses.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer
Assertion (A) is incorrect: The incubation period of Bundibugyo Virus Disease (BVD) ranges from 2 to 21 days.
○ Infected individuals are not considered infectious before the appearance of symptoms.
○ Therefore, transmission during the incubation period, as stated in the assertion, is incorrect.
Reason (R) is correct: Bundibugyo virus spreads through direct contact, through broken skin or mucous membranes, with the blood or other bodily fluids of infected individuals.
○ Transmission can also occur through contact with contaminated materials such as clothing, bedding and other surfaces.
○ Infected individuals become infectious only after the onset of symptoms. Transmission risk generally increases as the disease progresses.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer
Orang National Park is situated on the northern bank of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, mainly across Darrang and Sonitpur districts.
Important for UPSC: Environment & Ecology → National Parks → Assam → Brahmaputra Floodplains → Tiger Reserves → One-Horned Rhinoceros → Pygmy Hog → Bengal Florican.
Important for UPSC: Environment & Ecology → National Parks → Assam → Brahmaputra Floodplains → Tiger Reserves → One-Horned Rhinoceros → Pygmy Hog → Bengal Florican.
With reference to the Digi Yatra initiative, consider the following statements:
1. Digi Yatra uses a decentralised, mobile wallet-based platform to facilitate seamless passenger processing at airports.
2. The use of Digi Yatra is mandatory for all domestic air passengers, and passengers cannot opt for conventional identity verification.
3. Under the initiative, facial recognition technology (FRT) is used to enable contactless, paperless and seamless processing of air passengers at airports.
4. All facial recognition data collected at airport checkpoints are permanently stored on airport servers for future identification and security purposes.
5. Digi Yatra aims to eliminate the need for manual verification and traditional paper-based passenger processing at all airports.
1. Digi Yatra uses a decentralised, mobile wallet-based platform to facilitate seamless passenger processing at airports.
2. The use of Digi Yatra is mandatory for all domestic air passengers, and passengers cannot opt for conventional identity verification.
3. Under the initiative, facial recognition technology (FRT) is used to enable contactless, paperless and seamless processing of air passengers at airports.
4. All facial recognition data collected at airport checkpoints are permanently stored on airport servers for future identification and security purposes.
5. Digi Yatra aims to eliminate the need for manual verification and traditional paper-based passenger processing at all airports.