Correct Answer - A

Meissner's corpuscles are dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue and respond to changes in texture and slow vibrations. Merkel cells are expanded dendritic endings, and they respond to sustained pressure and touch. Ruffini corpuscles are enlarged dendritic endings with elongated capsules, and they respond to sustained pressure. Pacinian corpuscles consist of unmyelinated dendritic endings of a sensory nerve fiber, 2 m in diameter, encapsulated by concentric lamellae of connective tissue that give the organ the appearance of a cocktail onion. Theses receptors respond to deep pressure and fast

vibration.

Ref :Barrett K.E., Barman S.M., Boitano S., Brooks H.L. (2012). Chapter 8. Somatosensory Neurotransmission: Touch, Pain, and Temperature. In K.E. Barrett, S.M. Barman, S. Boitano, H.L. Brooks (Eds), Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24e.

Feed forward control system is employed during regulation of temperature.
Feed forward control
There is a control system in our body when no stimulus is required but still the system anticipates and makes corrective changes.
Such a system is called Feed forward or Anticipatory or Adaptive Control.
Examples include
Temperature control - Thermorequlatory responses are initiated by hypothalamus BEFORE the changes in environmental temperature have succeeded in changing the bodv's core body temperature
◦ Cephalic phase of gastric secretion- Just thinking about food increases gastric acid production
• Thinking about exercise itself increases heart rate & respiratory rate
• Role of cerebellum in motor coordination

Ans is c

Correct Answer - C
Ans: C. The fall in 2, 3 DPG is less
The infusion of ACD blood caused P50 and 2,3-DPG concentration
to decrease significantly.
The infusion of blood stored in citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) did
not significantly increase the oxygen affinity.
To compensate for the increased oxygen affinity, there must be a
rise in cardiac output or more likely a decrease in venous PO2
.
The transfusion of CPD blood, therefore, is more favorable in terms
of oxygen supply, particularly in patients who have had cardiac
surgery.

Correct Answer - A

Meissner's corpuscles are dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue and respond to changes in texture and slow vibrations. Merkel cells are expanded dendritic endings, and they respond to sustained pressure and touch. Ruffini corpuscles are enlarged dendritic endings with elongated capsules, and they respond to sustained pressure. Pacinian corpuscles consist of unmyelinated dendritic endings of a sensory nerve fiber, 2 m in diameter, encapsulated by concentric lamellae of connective tissue that give the organ the appearance of a cocktail onion. Theses receptors respond to deep pressure and fast

vibration.

Ref :Barrett K.E., Barman S.M., Boitano S., Brooks H.L. (2012). Chapter 8. Somatosensory Neurotransmission: Touch, Pain, and Temperature. In K.E. Barrett, S.M. Barman, S. Boitano, H.L. Brooks (Eds), Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24e.

Correct Answer - C

The low-pressure baroreceptors are located in the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins, and in the atria. They are also called volume receptors. These receptors respond to changes in the wall tension, which is proportional to the filling state of the low pressure side of circulation (below 60mmHg). Their impulses regulate the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin), renin and aldosterone.

The low-pressure baroreceptors have both circulatory and renal effects; they produce changes in hormone secretion, resulting in profound effects on the retention of salt and water; they also influence intake of salt and water.

Correct Answer - A
Ans. a. Patch-clamp
Patch-clamp is a technique to record ion current flow through
a single protein channel.
The patch-clamp technique is a laboratory technique in
electrophysiology, that allows the study of single or multiple
ions channels in cells.
The technique can be applied to a wide variety of cells but is
especially useful in the study of excitable cells such as neurons,
cardiomyocytes, muscle fibers, and pancreatic beta cells.
It can also be applied to the study of bacterial ion channels
especially prepared giant spheroplasts.
In the patch-clamp experiment, a small pipette is carefully
maneuvered to seal off a portion of a cell membrane. The pipette
has an electrode bathed in an appropriate solution that allows for the
recording of electrical changes through any pore in the membrane.

Correct Answer - A
Ans. a. Patch-clamp
Patch-clamp is a technique to record ion current flow through
a single protein channel.
The patch-clamp technique is a laboratory technique in
electrophysiology, that allows the study of single or multiple
ions channels in cells.
The technique can be applied to a wide variety of cells but is
especially useful in the study of excitable cells such as neurons,
cardiomyocytes, muscle fibers, and pancreatic beta cells.
It can also be applied to the study of bacterial ion channels
especially prepared giant spheroplasts.
In the patch-clamp experiment, a small pipette is carefully
maneuvered to seal off a portion of a cell membrane. The pipette
has an electrode bathed in an appropriate solution that allows for the
recording of electrical changes through any pore in the membrane.

Correct Answer - A
Ans. a. Patch-clamp
Patch-clamp is a technique to record ion current flow through
a single protein channel.
The patch-clamp technique is a laboratory technique in
electrophysiology, that allows the study of single or multiple
ions channels in cells.
The technique can be applied to a wide variety of cells but is
especially useful in the study of excitable cells such as neurons,
cardiomyocytes, muscle fibers, and pancreatic beta cells.
It can also be applied to the study of bacterial ion channels
especially prepared giant spheroplasts.
In the patch-clamp experiment, a small pipette is carefully
maneuvered to seal off a portion of a cell membrane. The pipette
has an electrode bathed in an appropriate solution that allows for the
recording of electrical changes through any pore in the membrane.

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Correct Answer - B
Answer: B - No exchange of O2 & CO2
Va represents the ventilation in alveoli.
Q represents the blood flow through the alveolus.
The ratio of Va and Q explains the respiratory exchange when there
is an imbalance between alveolar ventilation and alveolar blood flow.
The ventilation-perfusion ratio is considered normal there is an equal
amount of blood flow & ventilation through alveolus.
Va /q ratio is Zero -
There is inadequate or nil, but perfusion persists
Va /q ratio is infinity -
There is adequate ventilation but no perfusion.
Both in the Zero and infinity Va /Q ratio, there is no exchange of
gases through the respiratory membranes of corresponding alveoli.
When Va /Q ratio is infinity,
The alveolar air equilibrates the humidified inspired air
No exchange of oxygen and carbon-di-oxide occurs.
Partial pressures o2 and Co2 are 149mm hg and 0 mm hg respectively.