Research design constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
According to Gay and Airasian (2000), " A design is general strategy for Conducting a research study".
Burns and Grove (2003) define a research design as " a blue print for conducting a study with maximum control over factors that may interfere with validity of the findings".
Parahoo (1997) describes a research design as " a plan that describes how, when, and where data are to be collected and analysed".
Polit et al. (2001) define a research design as "the researcher's overall for answering the research question or testing the research hypothesis".
Functions of Research design:
According to Kerlinger (2007), the research design has 2 basic purposes:
To provide answer to question and to control variance.
Research problems are stated in the form of hypothesis. This design guides the researcher how to collect data for testing the formulated hypothesis.
The statistical principle behind the mechanism is MAXMINCON principle, that is
Maximise systematic Variance,
Control extraneous Variance and
Minimize error Variance.
According to Gay and Airasian (2000), " A design is general strategy for Conducting a research study".
Burns and Grove (2003) define a research design as " a blue print for conducting a study with maximum control over factors that may interfere with validity of the findings".
Parahoo (1997) describes a research design as " a plan that describes how, when, and where data are to be collected and analysed".
Polit et al. (2001) define a research design as "the researcher's overall for answering the research question or testing the research hypothesis".
Functions of Research design:
According to Kerlinger (2007), the research design has 2 basic purposes:
To provide answer to question and to control variance.
Research problems are stated in the form of hypothesis. This design guides the researcher how to collect data for testing the formulated hypothesis.
The statistical principle behind the mechanism is MAXMINCON principle, that is
Maximise systematic Variance,
Control extraneous Variance and
Minimize error Variance.
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A Factorial design enables the Experimenter to evaluate or manipulate 2 or more variables simultaneously in order to study the effects of number of independent factors singly as well as the effects due to interactions with one another.
Terms related to Factorial design:
1) Factors, 2) Main effect, 3) Interactions divided into Antagonistic, Synergistic and Ceiling effect.
4) Randomization and
5) Blocking
Types of Factorial design:
A) Within Subject
B) Between Subject and
C) Mixed
Terms related to Factorial design:
1) Factors, 2) Main effect, 3) Interactions divided into Antagonistic, Synergistic and Ceiling effect.
4) Randomization and
5) Blocking
Types of Factorial design:
A) Within Subject
B) Between Subject and
C) Mixed
Dear Student,
IGNOU is is organizing Live Teleconferencing session through Gyan Darshan tomorrow i.e. on 20th September 2019 between 4.00 PM to 5.00 PM on the following topic : Discussion on Project/Practicum/Internship under MA(Psychology) Programme of IGNOU. The programme can also be accessed online through following link: http://www.ignouonline.ac.in/gyandarshan/
Regional Director
IGNOU RC
Hyderabad.
IGNOU is is organizing Live Teleconferencing session through Gyan Darshan tomorrow i.e. on 20th September 2019 between 4.00 PM to 5.00 PM on the following topic : Discussion on Project/Practicum/Internship under MA(Psychology) Programme of IGNOU. The programme can also be accessed online through following link: http://www.ignouonline.ac.in/gyandarshan/
Regional Director
IGNOU RC
Hyderabad.
Quasi Experimental Research:
The word 'quasi' means 'almost' or 'as if'. Hence the term quasi experimental design indicates that these designs look 'as if they are experimental'.
The True Experimental designs provide full Experimental control through the use of Randomization procedures.
According to McBurney & White (2007), - Quasi experiment is a research procedure in which the scientist must select subjects for different conditions from pre-existing groups'.
According to Broota (1989), "All such Experimental situations in which the Experimenter doesn't have full control over the assignment of Experimental units randomly to the treatment conditions or the treatment that cannot be manipulated are called Quasi-Experimental design.
According to Singh (1998), "A Quasi-experimental design is one that applies an Experimental interpretation to results that do not meet all the requirements of a true experiment."
The Quasi-experimental designs are sometimes called Ex-Post Facto design or after the fact experiment, because the experiment is conducted after the groups have been formed.
The word 'quasi' means 'almost' or 'as if'. Hence the term quasi experimental design indicates that these designs look 'as if they are experimental'.
The True Experimental designs provide full Experimental control through the use of Randomization procedures.
According to McBurney & White (2007), - Quasi experiment is a research procedure in which the scientist must select subjects for different conditions from pre-existing groups'.
According to Broota (1989), "All such Experimental situations in which the Experimenter doesn't have full control over the assignment of Experimental units randomly to the treatment conditions or the treatment that cannot be manipulated are called Quasi-Experimental design.
According to Singh (1998), "A Quasi-experimental design is one that applies an Experimental interpretation to results that do not meet all the requirements of a true experiment."
The Quasi-experimental designs are sometimes called Ex-Post Facto design or after the fact experiment, because the experiment is conducted after the groups have been formed.
Dear Learner, IGNOU is organizing live session through Gyandarshan TV Channel today between 4.00 Γ 5.00 PM on the theme ?Discussion on Project/Practicum/Internship under MA Θ(Psychology) Programme of IGNOU Θ Θ. During the session, queries about IGNOU programmes may be discussed with experts over phone on 011-29532844 / 45. Programme can also be accessed online through following link:
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Counselling Psychology
Different types of Quasi-experimental design are:
1) Non-equivalent control group design
2) Separate sample pre-test post-test design
3) Counter Balanced design
4) Time-series designs
a) One-group time series design
b) control-group time series design
1) Non-equivalent control group design
2) Separate sample pre-test post-test design
3) Counter Balanced design
4) Time-series designs
a) One-group time series design
b) control-group time series design
Correlation research is a form of descriptive research concerned with determining the extent of relationship existing between variables.
In this test, researcher gathers information on already existing groups without changing their circumstances or characteristics in anyway.
Singh (1998) defined correlation design as the one in which the researcher collects 2 or more sets of data from the same group of subjects so that the relationship between 2 subsequent sets of data can be determined.
Correlation research design is one, which studies relationship among variables, none of which may be the actual cause of the other. (McBurney & White 2007).
In this test, researcher gathers information on already existing groups without changing their circumstances or characteristics in anyway.
Singh (1998) defined correlation design as the one in which the researcher collects 2 or more sets of data from the same group of subjects so that the relationship between 2 subsequent sets of data can be determined.
Correlation research design is one, which studies relationship among variables, none of which may be the actual cause of the other. (McBurney & White 2007).
Qualitative Research aims to get better understanding through first-hand experience, truthful reporting and quotations of actual conversations.
It aims to understand how participants derive meaning from their surroundings and how their meaning influences their behavior.
Qualitative Research uses observation as the data collection method. Observation is the selection and recording of behaviours of people in their environment.
Observation is used extensively in studies by psychologists, anthropologists, sociologists and programme evaluators. Direct observation reduces distortion between observer and what is observed that can be produced by an instrument (Questionnaire). It occurs in natural setting, not a laboratory or controlled experiment.
The context or background of behavior is included in observations of both people and their environment.
According to Cresswell (1998), Qualitative Research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The researcher builds a complex holistic picture, analyses words, reports detailed views of informants and conducts the study in a natural setting.
Qualitative Research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world.
It aims to understand how participants derive meaning from their surroundings and how their meaning influences their behavior.
Qualitative Research uses observation as the data collection method. Observation is the selection and recording of behaviours of people in their environment.
Observation is used extensively in studies by psychologists, anthropologists, sociologists and programme evaluators. Direct observation reduces distortion between observer and what is observed that can be produced by an instrument (Questionnaire). It occurs in natural setting, not a laboratory or controlled experiment.
The context or background of behavior is included in observations of both people and their environment.
According to Cresswell (1998), Qualitative Research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The researcher builds a complex holistic picture, analyses words, reports detailed views of informants and conducts the study in a natural setting.
Qualitative Research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world.
Types of Qualitative Research:
Cresswell (1998) has categorized in the context of their forms, terminologies and focus as follows:
A) Phenomenological study
B) Grounded theory study
C) Ethnography
D) Case Study and
E) Historical method
Cresswell (1998) has categorized in the context of their forms, terminologies and focus as follows:
A) Phenomenological study
B) Grounded theory study
C) Ethnography
D) Case Study and
E) Historical method