Cross-sectional survey is a research method often used in developmental Psychology, utilizes different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest, but share other characteristics such as socio-economic status, educational background and ethnicity. Where as

Longitudinal Survey is a type of research method used to discover relationships between variables that are not related to various background variables i.e studying the same group of individuals over an extended period of time.

Photo from Koundinya

Photo from Koundinya

JOB VACANCY

Hello everyone,
Here comes the opportunity to work with the prestigious n renowned institute , Bhatia neuropsychiatric hospital and deaddiction centre , Amritsar, Punjab .
Vacancy for clinical psychologist , psychologist
Requirement: M.A Psychology, M.Phil clinical psychology.
Applicant should have good communication skills.
Applicants with prior experience will be preferred.
For further queries please call 9814070700,
9814570700
Send your CV 's on ravijotkaurathwal@gmail.com

Vacancy for clinical psychology
Clear meadows recovery
Place: Noida ,sector 108
Qualification: MPhil with RCI license
Contact: 9599071221
Give reference sakshi

Types of Questions used in Research Survey:

1) Structured : this type of questions present the sample respondent with fixed alternative response leaving no scope to answer freely. This is of 3 types again -
a) Dichotomous questions
b) Level of Measurement based questions
c) Filter or contingency questions

2) Unstructured:. This type of questions are free response or open minded questions.

Advantages of Survey research methods:

1) It is a versatile method.
2) it enables the analysis of data to be based on the laws of mathematics and statistics.
3) It is a cost effective method
4) It can be administered in a variety of ways.
5) It can be constrained in scope to meet budgetary constraints associated with the research, without necessarily sacrificing the value of findings.

Types of Research on the basis of Objectives:

1) Descriptive research
a) Ex-Post Facto Research
b) Historical Research
c) Analytical Research
2) Correlation Research
3) Explanatory Research
4) Exploratory Research
5) Experimental Research

The Experimental Research is the application and adoptation of the classical method of experimentation.

Experimental Research is the description and Analysis of what will be, what will occur, under carefully controlled conditions.

Hypothesis is the heart of Experimental Research.

4 essential characteristics of Experimental Research:

A) Control: Removing or minimising the influence of extraneous variables (variables which are not direct interest to researcher) by several methods such as Randomization, application of statistical technique of Analysis of Variance (ANCOVA) and standard deviations of the group.

B) Manipulation: deliberate operation of independent variable on the subjects of Experimental group by the researcher to observe it's effect.

C) Observation: the experimenter observes the effect of the manipulation of the independent variable on dependent variable.

D) Replication:. It is a matter of conducting a number of sub experiments, instead of one experiment only, within framework of the same Experimental design.

A Field Experiment applies scientific method to experimentally examine an intervention in naturally occurring environment, rather than in laboratory.

Field experiments like lab experiments generally randomize subjects into 2 categories:
a) Experimental group (treatment or intervention) and
b) Control group.

Compare outcomes between these groups.

Steps through field experiment is conducted:

1) Planning: research must carry out in proper conditions with appropriate tools and measures.

2) Sampling: is taking any portion of a population or universe as representative of that population or universe.
Sample can be classified into:
A) Probability samples (Random sampling) and B) Non- probability samples ( Non- random or accidental sampling).

3) Research design: every research requires a blue print of research work where experiment will be conducted and number of subjects whom are seperated into 2 groups.

4) Tools of Data Collection

5) Procedure

6) Statistical analysis like t-test

A Research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and Analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.

According to Kerlinger (1998), Research design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation.

Photo from Koundinya

Case Studies: classified as descriptive research. Sometimes conducted for the purpose of hypothesis testing.

E.g investigate the effects of operant conditioning on human behavior.

Steps of the case study:
1) Determine the present status
2) Determine the most probable antecedents of the case
3) Verification of the hypothesis
4) Validation of the diagnosis
5) Follow up of the case

Different kinds of Case Studies:
A) Illustrative
B) Exploratory (or Pilot)
C) Cumulative
D) Critical Instance

Do's and Don'ts in constructing Questionnaires:

A) DO's:
1) provide Confidentiality and Anonymity
2) Write Questions and Responses with clear objectives, concise language, complete sentences, correct grammar and simple words
3) Be specific products n asking each question
4) Place personal and confidential questions at the end of Questionnaire.
5) Design Responses that are mutually exclusive.
6) Allow "don't Know" and "not applicable" where appropriate.

B) DON'TS:
1) Don't be Vague.
2) Don't ask double negative Questions.
3) Don't use many abbreviations, acronyms or jargon.
4) Don't ask objectionable Questions
5) Don't ask leading Questions
6) Don't ask open minded questions unless necessary
7) Don't ask double-barreled Questions
8) Don't ask Hypothetical Questions
9) Don't ask Respondents to make unnecessary calculations.

Emailing 5_6323575483426406593.pdf

Dictionary of Psychology

Research design is a detailed plan as to how to do the research. The aim of research design is to give answer to research problem and control variance.
There are different types of Research design:
1) Single factor design
2) Factorial design
3) Quasi Experimental design and
4) Correlation and Comparitive design